Parafunctional oral habits. Which are? Diagnosis and treatment

Parafunctional oral habits are repetitive actions that hinder the harmonious growth of the jaws and orofacial development. Parafunctional habits are highly prevalent and can be acquired and compulsive.

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Early evaluation and diagnosis is essential in these cases, and treatment can be multifactorial through the intervention of the pediatrician and speech therapist. Some parafunctional habits are: tongue interposition, digital sucking and mouth breathing.

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Let's know what the most common parafunctional habits are and their etiology, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, treatment and their relationship with malocclusions.

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Article PDF 🔽 Odontogenic facial cellulitis in a pediatric patient - Medical-dental management considerations ... In the initial stages, cellulite is of a soft consistency, in advanced stages it is hardened. The infant's immune system is diminished, so it is necessary to control and eliminate the causative agent

📌 Read and download the article in PDF 1:

👉 "Management of Oral Parafunctional Habits: A Case Report" 👈

P.S, Murali & Achalli, Sonika & Chandragiri, Sandeep & Shetty, Sameep. (2023). Management of Oral Parafunctional Habits: A Case Report. Journal of Health and Allied Sciences NU. 10.1055/s-0043-1764358.

📌 Read and download the article in PDF 2:

👉 "Oral Habits and its Relationship to Malocclusion: A Review " 👈

Kharat S. Oral Habits and its Relationship to Malocclusion: A Review. J Adv Med Dent Scie Res 2014;2(4):123-126.

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Youtube/ Youtube PIDC

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Oral cancer: Risk factors, management, procedures and types of treatment

Oral cancer is caused by an uncontrolled proliferation of cells in the oral mucosa. Neoplasms can be benign or malignant and occur mostly in men over 50 years of age.

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The etiology of oral cancer is unknown but there are factors that increase the risk of suffering from it, for example: tobacco, alcohol, genetics, infections. We must have a preventive attitude by performing a self-examination and continuous visits to the dentist.

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Let's learn about the risk factors, management, and correct evaluation to identify the clinical manifestations of oral cancer. Let's also discover what the new technologies are for diagnosis and treatment.

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Epstein's pearls and Bohn's nodules: definition, characteristics and case report

Bohn's nodules and Epstein's pearls are benign cysts found in the oral cavity of a newborn. They are observed as small lumps that are distributed in the oral cavity and disappear over time.

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Each one of them presents characteristics that differentiate them, and that must be evaluated by the pediatric dentist in order to identify them.

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We share interesting information about the characteristics and differential diagnosis of Bohn's nodules and Epstein's pearls. Additionally, we share a rare clinical case.

📌 Read and download the article in PDF 1:

👉 "Bohn Nodule and Epstein Pearls. Characteristics" 👈

Leung AKC, Barankin B, Lam JM, Leung AAH. An atlas of lumps and bumps, part 12. Consultant. 2022;62(1):e15-e16. doi:10.25270/con.2021.12.00007

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👉 "Epstein Pearls in Newborn" 👈

Karimi M DMD, BS*. Epstein Pearls in Newborn. Inter Ped Dent Open Acc J 7(4)- 2022. IPDOAJ.MS.ID.000266. DOI: 10.32474/IPDOAJ.2022.07.000266

📌 Read and download the article in PDF : Bohn’s Nodule: A Rare Case in a 7-month-old Male Infant



Taqwim, A., Intanningrum, S. D., Nuryanti, E., Pantouw, M. A. A., & Saskianti, T. (2022). Bohn’s Nodule: A Rare Case in a 7-month-old Male Infant. Acta Medica Philippina, 56(10). https://doi.org/10.47895/amp.vi0.2638

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Anterior crossbite - Diagnosis and orthopedic treatment

The anterior crossbite is a malocclusion that has several etiologies and is characterized when the upper incisors are behind the lower incisors, it develops in the primary and mixed dentition.

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Article PDF 🔽 Early Treatment of Anterior Crossbite with Eruption Guidance Appliance: A Case Report ... During this clinical case, an eruption guidance appliance (EGA) was used in a 05-year-old patient (mixed dentition) for 07 months with satisfactory results.

Treatment must be early to avoid complications in the permanent dentition and in the aesthetics of the patient. It begins with treatment with orthopedic devices.

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The case, diagnosis and progression of treatment (orthopedic phase and orthodontic phase) of a pediatric patient with anterior open bite are presented.

📌 Read and download the article in PDF : Orthopaedic correction of an anterior cross-bite



Ruiz LCC, Sáez EG. Orthopaedic correction of an anterior cross-bite. Rev Mex Ortodon. 2015;3(4):239-248.

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Stainless steel crowns: Minimally invasive technique - Benefits and advantages

Stainless steel crowns are used for the restoration of primary teeth that have been affected by advanced caries or by a fracture that compromises a large part of the dental tissue, or in cases such as Molar Incisor Hypomineralization.

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Stainless steel crowns are chosen for their ease of adaptation, simple technique, and long life, as well as their low cost compared to other restorative means.

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We share the benefits and advantages of stainless steel crowns in the restoration of primary teeth affected by advanced caries.

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👉 READ AND DOWNLOAD THE ARTICLE "Stainless steel crowns: Minimally invasive technique - Benefits and advantages" IN PDF, HERE 👈

Dr. Katie Peterson. Stainless steel crowns for restoration of primary teeth: a minimally invasive, time-saving technique.

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Ludwig's angina in a pediatric patient - Case report (diagnosis, symptoms and treatment)

Ludwig's angina is a severe and life-threatening infectious process with rapid progression. It is common in adults but can occur in children with suppressed immunity.

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Article PDF 🔽 Ludwig's Angina. Presentation of a pediatric case ... It is important to recognize Ludwig's angina in the earlier stages of the disease to prevent complications.

Clinically, a painful, diffuse inflammation can be seen, making it difficult to speak and swallow. The patient with Ludwig's angina requires hospitalization and treatment with specific antibiotics.

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We share the case of a pediatric patient with Ludwig's Angina, and a bibliographic review of the infection in children.

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👉 READ AND DOWNLOAD THE ARTICLE "Ludwig's angina in a pediatric patient - Case report" IN PDF, HERE 👈

Brotherton H, Templeton K, Rowney DA, Montague ML (2014) Ludwig’s Angina: Paediatric Case Report and Literature Review. Intern Med 4: 174. doi:10.4172/2165-8048.1000174

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Ludwig's angina in children - Case report, clinical and pharmacological management

Ludwig's angina is a serious infectious process (it puts the patient's life at risk) of rapid evolution that affects both adults and children. It generally affects the submandibular space, which turns children into care patients due to their anatomical characteristics.

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Treatment requires hospitalization, observation, and antibiotic therapy. Dental medical intervention must be immediate and effective to stop the spread of infection.

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Regarding a pediatric clinical case, we share the characteristics, clinical and pharmacological treatment of Ludwig's Angina in children.

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Download the PDF 🔽 Management of acute orofacial infection of odontogenic origin in children - Diagnosis, clinic and pharmacology ... Infections of odontogenic origin are those that are generated and evolve from a tooth, either by a process of pulpal or periodontal infection

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👇 READ AND DOWNLOAD THE ARTICLE "Ludwig's angina in children - Case report, clinical and pharmacological management" IN PDF 👇


Jun-Kai Kao, Shun-Cheng Yang - Ludwig’s angina in children, Journal of Acute Medicine, Volume 1, Issue 1, 2011, Pages 23-26, ISSN 2211-5587, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacme.2011.07.002. (https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2211558711000033)

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Clear Aligners for Early Treatment of Anterior Crossbite - Indications and Benefits

Anterior crossbite is a sagittal plane malocclusion, and is characterized when one or more upper incisors have a lingual position with respect to the lower incisors.

The detection and treatment of the anterior crossbite must be at an early age, in this way we stop the factors that trigger this malocclusion and avoid abnormal growth of the jaws.

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We share an article that presents the advantages and benefits of transparent aligners in the correction of anterior crossbite in patients with mixed dentition, regarding two reported cases.

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👉 READ AND DOWNLOAD "Esthetic options for anterior primary teeth - Characteristics" IN FULL IN PDF👈

Staderini E, Patini R, Meuli S, Camodeca A, Guglielmi F, Gallenzi P. Indication of clear aligners in the early treatment of anterior crossbite: a case series. Dental Press J Orthod. 2020 Jul-Aug;25(4):33-43

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TMJ ankylosis in pediatric patients - Signs and symptoms

TMJ ankylosis is a pathology that consists of the fusion of the components of the joint with the mandibular fossa of the temporal. It may be unilateral or bilateral.

The displacement and movement of the TMJ is partially or totally limited, complicating eating and speaking. Treatment for TMJ ankylosis is surgery and physical therapy.

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We share a study on the causes, signs, symptoms and treatment of temporomandibular joint ankylosis in children, as well as the success of surgical treatment.

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Temporomandibular Joint Ankylosis In Children. Mzubanzi Mabongo. IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences (IOSR-JDMS) e-ISSN: 2279-0853, p-ISSN: 2279-0861.Volume 12, Issue 5 (Nov.- Dec. 2013), PP 35-41


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Alternative for the rehabilitation of pediatric patients with early childhood caries

Early childhood caries (known as baby bottle tooth decay) is an infectious process that destroys tooth structure, even leading to tooth loss. Rehabilitation is necessary to avoid serious aesthetic and functional consequences in the pediatric patient.

Rehabilitation in pediatric dentistry is a challenge since the treatment must be immediate to avoid problems in the child's cooperation. There are several methods to rehabilitate and replace prematurely lost teeth.

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We share the oral rehabilitation of a pediatric patient affected by early childhood caries, using a functional appliance aesthetically appropriate for the patient.

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Pereira dos Santos MA, Moraes Pinheiro LH, Lima Pedro RD, Alves Antunes LA, Primo LG (2021) Overdenture: An alternative treatment for oral rehabilitation in patients with early childhood caries. J Dent Probl Solut 8(1): 005-009. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.17352/2394-8418.000095

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Craniofacial syndromes and oral anomalies. Characteristics and clinical cases

Craniofacial malformations are congenital and come from poor development of the first and second brachial arches, sometimes they are associated with a syndrome. The causes are varied, they can be due to infection, radiation or chemicals.

Syndromes are a group of signs and symptoms that occur together and characterize a disease, may be of known or unknown etiology. There is a great variety of syndromes and craniofacial malformations, and each one of them has different characteristics that it is necessary to know.

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We share a complete review of different malformations and craniofacial syndromes taking into account their dento-oro-maxillofacial characteristics, and presenting cases of dental interest.

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Salerno, C.; D’Avola, V.; Oberti, L.; Almonte, E.; Bazzini, E.M.; Tartaglia, G.M.; Cagetti, M.G. Rare Genetic Syndromes and Oral Anomalies: A Review of the Literature and Case Series with a New Classification Proposal. Children 2022, 9, 12. https://doi.org/10.3390/children9010012

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Modified Hall technique in hypomineralized molar

Enamel hypomineralization is a developmental defect, it does not have a defined cause although it is related to systemic or environmental alterations during the first three years of life.

Molars with hypomineralized enamel are susceptible to erosion and caries. The rehabilitation of the molars is necessary to avoid early tooth loss, and in this case a steel crown was placed with the modified Hall technique.

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We share the management of severely hypomineralized molars using the modified Hall technique, indicating its advantages, objectives and the step-by-step process.

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👇 READ AND DOWNLOAD THE ARTICLE "Modified Hall technique in hypomineralized molar" IN PDF 👇


Quintero Y, Leite de Farias A, Restrepo M, Santos-Pinto L. Modified Hall technique for severely hypomineralized molars. Report of cases. Rev. CES Odont 2021; 34(1): 118-124

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Management of mandibular fractures in children. Diagnosis and treatment. Case report

Mandibular fractures in children are rare, and deserve special care because they are in full growth and craniofacial development. The appropriate treatment will depend on the age of the child and the affected mandibular area.

The evaluation and treatment must be immediate to avoid functional disorders, serious consequences in the craniofacial development and in the aesthetics of the patient. The treatment of mandibular fractures can be conservative or surgical.

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We share the recommendations for the diagnosis, management and treatment of mandibular fractures in pediatric patients, and we report the case of a 3-year-old patient and her surgical treatment.

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👉 Article 1: READ AND DOWNLOAD "Mandibular fractures in children under 3 years: A rare case report" IN FULL IN PDF👈

Renato Maranoa, Patrício de Oliveira Netoa, Keiko Oliveira Sakugawab, Liliane S.S. Zanettic, Márcio de Moraesa. Mandibular fractures in children under 3 years: A rare case report. Rev Port Estomatol Med Dent Cir Maxilofac. 2013;54(3):166–170

👉 Article 2: READ AND DOWNLOAD "What are the differences in Pediatric Mandible Fractures?" IN FULL IN PDF👈

Karacor- Altuntas Z, Ismayilzade M (2017) What are the Differences in Pediatric Mandible Fractures? J. Aesthet Reconstr Surg. Vol 3 No.2: 11

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Natal teeth and Riga Fede ulcer: Diagnosis and treatment

Riga Fede ulcer is usually located on the ventral side of the tongue, and is caused by the trauma caused by the presence of a natal or neonatal tooth. It is painful, so it limits the sucking action of breast milk, putting the baby's feeding at risk.

Natal and neonatal teeth are of unknown etiology, and are characterized by not presenting a single shape, they can be small or large and conical or normal in shape.

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We share the clinical implications and the approach to the treatment of natal and neonatal teeth, regarding the case of the presence of Riga Fede ulcer in a two-month-old baby.

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Danelon, M., Emerenciano, N. G., Garcia, L. G., Percinoto, C., & Cunha, R. F. (2017). Natal teeth associated with Riga-Fede ulcer: case report. ARCHIVES OF HEALTH INVESTIGATION, 6(4). https://doi.org/10.21270/archi.v6i4.2059

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Dentigerous cyst in mixed and primary dentition. Diagnosis and surgical treatment

Dentigerous cysts are cavities with liquid content, and develop from the remains of the enamel epithelium. They are the most common, benign cysts, and are usually located in the lower jaw. It is related to the crowns of unerupted teeth.

They manifest as radiographic findings or when the patient has acute inflammation. Enucleation of the cyst is performed using the surgical technique of marsupialization.

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We share several cases that report the diagnosis, management and surgical treatment (enucleation and marsupialization) of the dentigerous cyst in mixed and primary dentition.

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👉 ARTICLE 1: READ AND DOWNLOAD "Dentigerous Cysts in Primary Dentition: Report of 2 Cases" IN FULL IN PDF👈

Delbem AC, Cunha RF, Afonso RL, Bianco KG, Idem AP. Dentigerous cysts in primary dentition: report of 2 cases. Pediatr Dent. 2006 May-Jun;28(3):269-72. PMID: 16805361.

👉 ARTICLE 2: READ AND DOWNLOAD "Dentigerous cyst in a young child: a case report" IN FULL IN PDF👈

McKinney, S. L., & Lukes, S. M. (2021). Dentigerous cyst in a young child: a case report. Canadian journal of dental hygiene : CJDH = Journal canadien de l'hygiene dentaire : JCHD, 55(3), 177–181.

👉 ARTICLE 3: READ AND DOWNLOAD "Dentigerous Cyst in Children: A Case Report and Outline of Clinical Management for Pediatric and General Dentists" IN FULL IN PDF👈

Meer, Zakirulla & Yavagal, Chandrashekar & Jayashankar, DN & Meer, Allahbaksh. (2012). Dentigerous Cyst in Children: A Case Report and Outline of Clinical Management for Pediatric and General Dentists. Journal of Orofacial Research. 2. 238-242. 10.5005/jp-journals-10026-1051.

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Odontogenic infection in facial spaces - Pharmacological and surgical management in pediatric patients

Facial spaces are virtual spaces that are found between tissues, organs and faciae. These spaces become relevant in infectious processes, since they are occupied by purulent secretions that move through various regions of the head and neck.

Infections that affect the head and neck are generally of odontogenic origin, and have a rapid evolution that put the patient's life at risk. Treatment must be immediate and in many cases multidisciplinary.

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We share the case of an odontogenic infection that affected the facial spaces of a pediatric patient. We report the clinical and pharmacological management, and the surgical procedure (drainage).

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Odontogenic facial cellulitis in a pediatric patient - Diagnosis, treatment and multidisciplinary management

👇 Read and download the article in PDF 👇



Khaja Khalid Nawaz M. Management of Facial Space Infection in a 9-Year-Old Child - A Case Report. International Journal of Clinical Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery. Vol. 2, No. 1, 2016, pp. 1-4.doi: 10.11648/j.ijcoms.20160201.11

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