Diagnosis of temporomandibular joint (TMJ) ankylosis in children

Temporomandibular joint (TMJ) ankylosis is a disabling condition of mastication in which the condylar movement is limited by a mechanical problem in the joint (true ankylosis) or a mechanical cause not related to the joint components (false ankylosis).

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In children, trauma is identifi ed as the main cause of TMJ ankylosis (57-63%). The other etiological factors are infections, rheumatoid arthritis, hypoparathyroidism, psoriasis, and burns.

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Ankylosis in children can have a tremendous effect on physical and psychological well-being due to restricted mouth opening, inability to chew food, and poor oral hygiene. Due to growth deformity, the child may become shy and reclusive and have a low self-esteem. Trauma to TMJ in early childhood can affect the growth potential of the mandible.

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Any traumatic injury to the joint, if left unnoticed and untreated immediately can cause loss of growth and function resulting in muscle and bone atrophy and subsequently micrognathia, microgenia, and retrognathia.



Shetty, Priya & Thomas, Ann & Sowmya, Bhykani. (2014). Diagnosis of temporomandibular joint (TMJ) ankylosis in children. Journal of the Indian Society of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry. 32. 266-70. 10.4103/0970-4388.135848.

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What are the symptoms of clenched teeth and how can we fix it?

Grinding and grinding of the teeth is called bruxism. This activity is nocturnal and in states of unconsciousness. The consequences of bruxism is varied, since it affects teeth, muscles and bones.

The teeth wear out quickly and may have some fissure or fracture of the enamel. In the case of muscles, they become inflamed and generate great pain when chewing or talking.

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If you want to know more information about bruxism and its consequences on our health, we invite you to watch the following video.

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What is Trismus and what causes it?

Trismus has a number of potential causes, which range from the simple and non-progressive to those that are potentially life-threatening. Kazanjian divided ankylosis of the temporomandibular joint into true and false.

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The true type of ankylosis was attributed to pathological conditions of the joint, and false ankylosis was applied to restrictions of movement resulting from extra-articular joint abnormalities.

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This latter type of ankylosis is what most clinicians know as trismus. In a busy practice, it is not unusual to see several patients each month with a complaint of trismus. This condition may impair eating, impede oral hygiene, restrict access for dental procedures and adversely affect speech and facial appearance.

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What is Normal Opening of the Mouth?

The normal range of mouth opening varies from patient to patient, within a range of 40– 60 mm, although some authors place the lower limit at 35 mm. The width of the index finger at the nail bed is between 17 and 19 mm.



° Dent Update 2002; 29: 88–94 / P.J. DHANRAJANI AND O. JONAIDEL

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3 Reasons for the White Coating on Your Tongue

A healthy tongue is a clear demonstration of good general health. The color and shape of the tongue can be the manifestation of an ongoing disease or poor oral hygiene.

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A white tongue can be the product of dead debris, bacteria and cell phones that remain on the surface of the tongue.

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But a white tongue reveals some disease such as: candidiasis, leukoplakia, geographic tongue. We have more information about white tongue thanks to the BiteawayTV International channel.

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What is Mandibular Tori? What causes it?

The mandibular torus is an indeterminate bone growth that appears in the jaw. It generally appears on the inside of the jaw at the level of the premolars.

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When the torus appears in the upper jaw, it is called the Torus Palatinus, and it is usually found in the midline of the palate. This malformation is usually suffered by men.

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Among the factors that contribute to the formation of the torus, we have the genetic factor, stress and bruxism. See with us this interesting video where they explain what a mandibular torus is.

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How to Reduce a TMJ Dislocation?

The temporomandibular joint (TMJ) is a joint between the mandible and the temporal bone of the skull. The condyle of the mandible articulates bilaterally in a concavity known as the glenoid fossa or mandibular fossa.

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Dislocation of the temporomandibular joint is a painful condition that occurs when the mandibular condyle becomes fixed in the anterosuperior aspect of the articular eminence.

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Dislocations of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) are common and occur in as many as 7% of the entire population, at some point in their lives . They can occur at any age but are most common between 20-40 years of age.

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Diagnostic Aids in Pediatric Dentistry

Childhood is the period of life’s greatest physical, psychological and emotional growth; the child we see today is no longer the same tomorrow. The child patient presents a challenge to the dentist, who must solve the problems of today with an eye to the future and dental health of an adult.

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Diagnosis is a process by which the practitioner distinguishes one disease from another, differentiates between normal and abnormal, and determines the etiology of abnormal conditions (Forrester). Accurate diagnosis can only be achieved by systematic and methodical collection of data.

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The present article illustrates the various diagnostic aids that can be used clinically in pediatric dentistry for detection and evaluation of commonly seen dental diseases.

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The various diagnostic aids can be categorized as:

• Routine diagnostic aids
• Specialized diagnostic aids
• Advanced diagnostic aids.



° International Journal of Clinical Pediatric Dentistry, January-April 2011;4(1):1-7 1
° Gopakumar R, Manju Gopakumar

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Oral lesions related to dentures

Oral lesions in denture wearers constitute a heterogeneous group of tissue changes, both with regard to pathogenesis, clinical and histopathological appearance, and possible complications.

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Dentures may be the direct cause of these conditions, due to changing environmental conditions of the oral cavity and loading of the oral mucosa. However, systemic conditions and general diseases may influence the oral environment and alter tissue responses and resistance.

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Different medical conditions associated with hyposalivation and parafunctional activity may result in higher risk of oral mucosal alterations. Dundar and IlhanKal reported diabetes mellitus as a risk factor for denture stomatitis and denture hyperplasia.

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The prevalence of oral mucosal lesions has been shown to increase with age.Coelho et al. have explained that tooth loss increases with age, and a removable partial denture (PD) may be later substituted by a complete denture (CD).



Souce: jispcd.org / Prevalence of denture-related oral lesions among patients attending College of Dentistry, University of Dammam: A clinico-pathological study
Authors: Suhayla Mubarak, Ali Hmud, Suresh Chandrasekharan, Aiman A Ali
Image: Aesthetic Dentures

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Massage Tutorial: Myofascial release for TMJ/jaw pain

The temporomandibular joint can undergo some alterations that cause pain to the patient, and can limit the movements of the jaw. In this syndrome the muscles are also involved

It is important to determine what is the cause of the TMJ syndrome, to carry out a good treatment, for this, tests such as: x-rays, occlusal analysis, magnetic resonance, etc. are carried out.

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On this occasion we share with you a video tutorial on massages to relax the muscles involved in this painful TMJ syndrome. This video is thanks to the Massage Sloth channel.

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How the symptoms of Dry Mouth can be combated ?

Dry mouth or xerostomia is the consequence of decreased salivary flow, and is basically the symptom of some disease, or side effect of certain types of medications.

Having a xerostomia creates a series of discomforts in the patient, such as: alteration of food taste, burning mouth, fissures or sores in the mouth, halitosis, difficulty speaking.

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The patient with xerostomia must have good and correct oral hygiene and stimulate salivation. Pay attention to the recommendations of the bioXtra - DRY MOUTH RELIEF channel for patients suffering from xerostomia.

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Why did oral HPV cases increase in men?

HPV (Human Papillomavirus) is an infection whose most frequent contagion is by sexual transmission. This infection can cause genital warts and in other cases cause uterine cancer.

There are also certain types of HPV that can cause an oral infection and can also cause cancer in the oral cavity.

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A study conducted in 2017 highlighted that 11 million men were infected with oral HPV between 2011 and 2014. What is oral HPV and why does it increase the risk of oral cancer in men?

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Ludwig's Angina. Presentation of a pediatric case

Ludwig’s angina is a serious, a rapidly progressive cellulitis of the floor of the mouth which, involves the submandibular, submaxillary, and sublingual spaces of the face, it is life threatening if not early recognised and complications like septicemia and asphyxia caused by expanding edema of soft tissues of the neck may occur.

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A 11-year-old boy referred to, our clinic had tender swelling of the floor of his mouth. Based on his history and symptoms, the diagnosis of Ludwig’s angina was suspected. Infected teeth were diagnosed in oral and radiological examination.

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The child was treated appropriately by extraction of infected teeth after antibiotic therapy. Many departments may have limited experience of the disease because of its rare occurrence. So, it is important to recognize Ludwings angina in the earlier stages of the disease.

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Introduction: Ludwig´s angina was firstly described by Wilhelm Frederick von Ludwing in 1836. Ludwig´s angina is a serious, life threatening if not early recognised and treated due to septicemia and asphyxia caused by expanding edema of soft tissues of the neck.



Souce: JBR Journal of Interdisciplinary Medicine and Dental Science
Authors: Mine Simsek / Esma Yildiz / Mutar Hamdi Aras

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The causes and treatment of Dental Hypersensitivity

Hypersensitivity is more common than you might think, and is characterized as a sharp, stabbing pain of short duration and occurs when there are changes in temperature.

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Tooth sensitivity has several causes, some of them can be: gum recession and enamel wear. The dentist must evaluate and find the causative agent to prevent the patient from suffering from this pathology again.

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The dentist should make recommendations to the patient regarding the brushing technique and the type of toothbrush used by the patient. We share with the dental community an extensive and interesting article that tells us about dental hypersensitivity, its causes and treatments.

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How does hypertension affect oral health?

The World Health Organization attributes hypertension, or high blood pressure, as the leading cause of cardiovascular mortality. An elevated arterial pressure is probably the most important public health problem in developed countries.

It is common, asymptomatic readily detectable and easily treatable, and if untreated, often leads to complications. Although our understanding of the pathophysiology of elevated arterial pressure has increased, in 90 to 95% of cases the etiology is still largely unknown.

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As a consequence, in most cases hypertension is treated non-specifically, resulting in the large number of minor side effects and relatively high non-compliance rate. The ratio of hypertension frequency in women versus men increases from 0.6 to 0.7 at age 30 to 1.1 to 1.2 at age 65.

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Dentists have a rare opportunity to detect cases of hypertension. It is a professional responsibility of a dental clinician to inform the patient of their hypertensive state and to offer medical advice, including epropriate referrals.



Souce: Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology Vol. 16 Issue 2 May - Aug 2012 215
Authors: Prashant Kumar, KMK Mastan, Ramesh Chowdhary, K Shanmugam

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Oral manifestations of human immunodeficiency virus in children

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is considered a pandemic by the World Health Organization (WHO). From its discovery in 1981 to 2006, acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) has killed more than 25 million people.

HIV infects about 0.6% of the world's population. In 2005, AIDS claimed an estimated 2.4-3.3 million lives, of which more than 570,000 were children. Most of the cases are seen in sub-Saharan countries and developing nations.

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Antiretroviral treatment reduces both the mortality and the morbidity rates of HIV infection, but routine access to antiretroviral medication is not available in all countries. HIV transmission in children occurs mainly through vertical transmission (mother to child).

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° Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology Vol. 16 Issue 2 May - Aug 2012
° Srinivas Rao Ponnam / Gautam Srivastava / Kotaih Theruru

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Effects of tobacco on the oral cavity: Nicotine Stomatitis

We all know the consequences of tobacco use, and its effects on general and oral health. This time we will talk about the consequences of nicotine in the oral cavity.

Cigarette smoke irritates the oral mucosa, causing lesions such as nicotinic stomatitis.



We must bear in mind that smoking generates short and long-term consequences. In the oral cavity it can generate periodontitis, gingivitis and pathologies in the oral mucosa.

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