Free Training - Pharmacology in Pediatric Dentistry - Dental articles and videos to share

Pediatric dentists must adjust the dose to the child's age and weight, as well as to know the characteristics (pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics) of the drugs to be prescribed.

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The prescription of drugs in pregnant and lactating women is another of the doubts that the dentist presents, because it involves some risks that may occur in the development of the fetus.

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We make 10 dental articles available to the professional community so that it can be shared among colleagues and patients. In this way we contribute to the dissemination of education.

🎯 Dental articles, PDF articles, tips, videos and more

► Antibiotics and its use in pediatric dentistry: A review

► How To Determine a Child's Medication Dose

► Guideline on use of antibiotic therapy for pediatric dental patients

► Antibiotics: Use and misuse in pediatric dentistry

► Antibiotic prescriptions in pediatric dentistry: A review

Crowns in Pediatric Dentistry: A Review

Maintenance of the primary dentition in a nonpathologicand healthy condition is importantfor the overall well being of the child. Treatment of the severely destructed teeth poses a challenge for the pediatric dentist as three important considerations have to be kept in mind, patient’s behavioral management, preservation of the tooth structure and parental satisfaction.

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The technological advances in dental materials for use on children that have occurred in the past few decades make constant re-evaluation of our treatment philosophies and techniques a necessitybecause what was an acceptable treatment approach in the past may not necessarily be the best treatment option for our young patients today.

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Effort has been made to bring together the various approaches for full coverage restorations in pediatric dental practice. Each technique and material carries its own advantages and disadvantages.

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Many options exist to repair carious teeth in pediatric patientsas is discussed, from stainless steel crowns to its various modifications to other esthetic crowns like strip crowns and zirconium crowns which are rising in their popularity.



° Garg V, Panda A, Shah J, Panchal P. Crowns in pediatric dentistry: A review. J Adv Med Dent Scie Res 2016;4(2):41-46.
Image: By Trikkelle - Own work, CC BY 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=48700155

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How to Apply: Clinpro Sealant - Step by step

Dental sealants are flowable resins that are placed in the pits and fissures of teeth (usually molars) to prevent cavities. The sealant is placed when the permanent molars erupt (approximately 6 years).

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To avoid tooth decay, preventive measures are taken, both at home (brush, toothpaste, floss and rinse) and in the dental office (application of fluoride, fluoride varnish, dental sealants).

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There are several benefits of dental sealants, for example: it contributes to good brushing, prevents the accumulation of plaque in pits and fissures, avoids the presence of cavities on the occlusal surfaces, etc. We share with you a video about the application of Clinpro Sealant from the 3M Oral Care channel.

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Source: Youtube/ Henry ScheinUK

Rubber dam isolation in pediatric patients

Absolute isolation is a set of techniques that are intended to prevent contamination of the operative field. This means that it separates the operative field from the rest of the oral cavity.

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This prevents the tongue, saliva or blood from interfering in the dental procedure. The isolation also avoids any accident during the procedure, because the patient could swallow some dental material.



This procedure is performed in both adults and children, and requires the experience of the dentist. Carrying out a good isolation ensures correct treatment.

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Antibiotics and its use in pediatric dentistry: A review

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Image: APPLICATION-OF-RUBBER-DAM-FOR-ISOLATION-BY-DR-DHARAM-HINDUJA - Rubberdarmology

Is it possible for babies to be born with teeth?

These types of teeth are known as natal teeth, and they are rare (1 in 2,000 to 3,000 babies), but they are always a surprise. There are also neo natal teeth but these grow during the first 30 days after birth.

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Natal and neo natal teeth can cause injuries to the baby's tongue, and to the mother when breastfeeding, so it is necessary to intervene to avoid these injuries.

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The appearance of these teeth should not cause major concern to parents, but should be evaluated by the pediatrician for their treatment.

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Antibiotic prescriptions in pediatric dentistry: A review

In medicine as well as in dentistry, antibiotics are used as part of infectious treatments, but it is also known that there is a tendency to overuse of this drug for conditions not indicated.

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The consequence of this indiscriminate use of antibiotics is the appearance of resistance in pediatric patients (the ability of bacteria to survive the presence of an antibiotic).

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If we add to this the mismanagement of doses in children, we are facing a serious problem, since we create more resistant bacteria, this currently forces us to adjust the doses of medications.

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The work we are sharing with you is a review that aims to highlight the clinical indications for prescribing antibiotics for orofacial infections in pediatric care.



° Goel, Dhirja & Goel, GauravKumar & Chaudhary, Seema & Jain, Deshraj. (2020). Antibiotic prescriptions in pediatric dentistry: A review. Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care. 9. 473. 10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_1097_19.

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Antibiotics and its use in pediatric dentistry: A review

Antibiotics are commonly used in dentistry for prophylactic as well as for therapeutic purposes. Very often antibiotics are used in unwarranted situations, which may give rise to resistant bacterial strains.

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Good knowledge about the indications of antibiotics is the need of the hour in prescribing antibiotics for dental conditions. The purpose of this review article is to provide information on proper use of antibiotics in pediatric dental practice for control of oral infection, and in the management of children with systemic conditions which may alter disease resistance and healing response.

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Introduction: Antibiotics are among the most frequently prescribed medication for the treatment as well as prevention of bacterial infection in modern medicine. Antibiotics cure disease by killing, injuring, or inhibiting the growth of bacteria at very low concentrations.

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The word antibiotic came from the word “antibiosis” a term coined in 1889 by Louis Pasteur which means a process by which life could be used to destroy life.The term antibiotic was first used in 1942 by Selman Waksman and his collaborators in journal articles to describe any substance produced by a microorganism that is antagonistic to the growth of other microorganisms in high dilution.



° Annamalai, S., & Baghkomeh, P.N. (2018). Antibiotics and its use in pediatric dentistry : A review.

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Diagnosis and management of oral lesions and conditions in the newborn

Infants frequently present with oral lesions and conditions that may lead to anxiety among parents. The most common lesions and conditions include natal and neonatal teeth, the different oral mucosal cysts of the newborn, ankyloglossia and congenital epulis of the gingiva.

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The diagnostic features and management principles of these lesions are discussed in order for healthcare workers to provide proper care and counselling to patients and parents.

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Introduction: Healthcare workers are faced with a variety of lesions affecting the oral cavities of infants. These may vary from physiological variations linked to development, to tumours. Knowledge of these is important for accurate diagnosis to allow proper counselling and advice on treatment planning. The aim of this paper is to inform healthcare workers about the diagnosis and management of common lesions and conditions affecting the oral cavities of newborns.

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Natal and neonatal teeth
The first deciduous tooth erupts after approximately six months. Natal teeth are teeth present at birth, while neonatal teeth erupt within the first month after birth. The majority of natal teeth form part of the primary dentition, while about 10% represent supernumerary teeth.



WFP Van Heerden & AW Van Zyl (2010) Diagnosis and management of oral lesions and conditions in the newborn, South African Family Practice, 52:6, 489-491, DOI:10.1080/20786204.2010.10874032

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How To Determine a Child's Medication Dose

Determining the dose in pediatric patients is sometimes complicated, this happens in both medical and dental practice. In pediatric practice medication dosages are calculated based on the child’s weight making the dosages much more precise.

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All the necessary data should be taken to be able to calculate the dose in children. Many take the adult dose as a reference, but this could lead to problems such as poisoning or drug resistance.



This video explains why and teaches you how to do it safely using a simple 4 step method. Thanks to the RN Kid channel that offers us a very simple way to calculate the doses in children

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Management of Angular Cheilitis in children

Angular Cheilitis occurs more in children and it is caused by children sensitivity against certain contact agents like toys, foods, sunlight, allergy against medicines, cosmetics, and long term antibiotic treatment.

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Disease attacking the corners of the mouth is often cause pain when patients experience dry mouth or xerostomia. This disease can also be caused by vitamin B complex deficiency, blood iron deficiency, denture sore mouth and other factors such as breathing through mouth, wetting lips with tongue, and licking the corner of the mouth with tongue.

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Angular cheilitis also called perleche or angular cheilitis is a lesion marked with fissures, cracks on corner of lip, reddish, ulceration accompanied by burning sensation, pain and dryness on the corner of the mouth. In severe cases, these cracks can bleed when opening the mouth and cause shallow ulcer or krusta.

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Angular cheilitis can be a serious problem if it is not handled properly. This disease progression is so fast. Therefor there should be no delay in treatment if symptoms of angular cheilitis occurred and very clear. Not limited to a certain age, regardless of their sex all can be affected by this disease. Frequently in child aged 4-6 years.



° Fajriani, Fajriani. (2017). Management of Angular Cheilitis in children. Journal of Dentomaxillofacial Science. 2. 1. 10.15562/jdmfs.v2i1.461.

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Riga-Fede Disease (Dentitia Praecox): Report of Two Cases with Literature Review

Riga-Fede disease is a term used to describe traumatic ulceration occurring on the ventral surface of the tongue in neonates and infants. This lesion was first described by Antonio Riga in 1881 and subsequent histological studies were performed by Francesco Fede in 1890, which led to the lesion being termed as Riga-Fede disease.

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It is commonly caused by mechanical trauma from natal, neo-natal or primary lower incisors and rarely may be the initial presentation of a neurological disorder.

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Various terms have been used to describe this lesion, like Riga’s disease, Riga-Fede’s disease, sublingual ulcer, sublingual granuloma, traumatic sublingual ulceration, eosinophilic granuloma, traumatic eosinophilic ulceration of the tongue and oral mucosa, sublingual fibrogranuloma, sublingual growth in infants and traumatic atrophic glossitis.

The lesion initially presents as an ulcerated area on the ventral surface of the tongue and with repeated trauma, it may progress to an enlarged, fibrous mass giving the appearance of an ulcerative granuloma. The pain associated with this oral lesion leads to dehydration and feeding difficulties, which in turn may pose potential risks to infants due to nutritional deficiencies.

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If the child is immunocompromised, then the potential for infection can add to the complications of the disease. In order to be termed as Riga-Fede disease, this lesion should be present in a child less than two years of age. Over the age of two years, the term oral traumatic granuloma is used.



° Mehta A, Chaudhary S, Chaitra TR and Sinha A. Riga-Fede Disease (Dentitia Praecox): Report of Two Cases with Literature Review. Austin J Dent. 2017; 4(3): 1073.

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Pulpotomy Medicaments used in Deciduous Dentition: An Update

The aim of this paper was to review the history and the scientific literature published on pulpotomy medicaments and to present the findings of these studies.

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The review showed that pulpotomy of primary teeth has been treated with many different techniques and medicaments, that some of these approaches are controversial and that their results have presented variables of success rates in term of clinical, radiographic and histologic observation.

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It is important that all clinicians, particularly for pediatric dentists, be up to date with the recent trends in this area of dental treatment for children. Vital pulpotomy is the clinical treatment of choice for primary teeth with exposed pulp. Pulpotomy can be defined as the surgical removal or amputation of the coronal pulp of the vital tooth.

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This step is generally followed by the placement of a particular medicament over the intact stump to fix, mummify or stimulate repair of the remaining radicular pulp.



Souce / Author: Al-Dlaigan YH. Pulpotomy Medicaments used in Deciduous Dentition: An Update. J Contemp Dent Pract 2015;16(6):486-503.

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Is there a best age to get orthodontic treatment?

We must bear in mind that dental problems are evident from very young ages, that is why dental evaluations are necessary from very young, even from infants.

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Initially the evaluation passes through the general dentist, but it is also necessary to be evaluated by the orthodontist to detect any early signs of malocclusion problems and to be able to act in time.

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Prevention is very important in health, so it is important to detect and treat any problem that may affect it. We share with you a video from the Sydney Health channel that will answer this question.

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Guideline on use of antibiotic therapy for pediatric dental patients

The American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry (AAPD) recognizes the increasing prevalence of antibiotic-resistant microorganisms and potential for adverse drug reactions and interactions.

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These recommendations are intended to provide guidance in the proper and judicious use of antibiotic therapy in the treatment of oral conditions. The use of antibiotic prophylaxis for dental patients at risk for infection is addressed in a separate best practices document. Information regarding commonly prescribed antibiotics can be found in Useful Medications for Oral Conditions.

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Antibiotics are beneficial to patient care when prescribed and administered correctly for bacterial infections. However, the widespread use of antibiotics has permitted common bacteria to develop resistance to drugs that once controlled them. Drug resistance is prevalent throughout the world.

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In the United States, at least two million people are infected by antibiotic-resistant bacteria per year. Some microorganisms may develop resistance to a single anti-microbial agent, while others develop multidrug-resistant strains. To diminish the rate at which resistance is increasing, health care providers must be prudent in the use of antibiotics.



Souce: https://www.aapd.org/

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Pediatric oral RANULA: Clinical cases and follow-up

Oral ranulas are cystic lesions located on the floor of the mouth that arise from obstruction of the excretory duct of the sublingual gland. This causes an accumulation of mucoid material, leading to a well-circumscribed swelling in the oral mucosa of the floor of the mouth.

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Oral ranula is an infrequent pathology, appearing more frequently in children. A review of articles published on oral ranula between 2000 and 2009, found only 12 series, of which eight were specific to the pediatric population.

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The largest series corresponded to Chidzonga et al who analyzed 61 oral ranulas in children younger than 10 years. Some authors discuss ranulas in the general population and other authors have published isolated clinical cases.

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It was therefore interesting to analyze oral ranulas in a large sample of pediatric patients of the Oral and Maxi-llofacial Surgery Department of the La Fe University Children’s Hospital, Valencia. The aim is to analyze the clinical characteristics, treatment and outcome of oral ranulas in pediatric patients.



° Bonet-Coloma C, Minguez-Martinez I, Aloy-Prósper A, Galán-Gil S, Peñarrocha-Diago M, Mínguez-Sanz JM. Pediatric oral ranula: Clinical follow-up study of 57 cases. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal. 2011 Mar 1;16 (2):e158-62. http://www.medicinaoral.com/medoralfree01/v16i2/medoralv16i2p158.pdf

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Diagnosis of temporomandibular joint (TMJ) ankylosis in children

Temporomandibular joint (TMJ) ankylosis is a disabling condition of mastication in which the condylar movement is limited by a mechanical problem in the joint (true ankylosis) or a mechanical cause not related to the joint components (false ankylosis).

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In children, trauma is identifi ed as the main cause of TMJ ankylosis (57-63%). The other etiological factors are infections, rheumatoid arthritis, hypoparathyroidism, psoriasis, and burns.

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Ankylosis in children can have a tremendous effect on physical and psychological well-being due to restricted mouth opening, inability to chew food, and poor oral hygiene. Due to growth deformity, the child may become shy and reclusive and have a low self-esteem. Trauma to TMJ in early childhood can affect the growth potential of the mandible.

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Any traumatic injury to the joint, if left unnoticed and untreated immediately can cause loss of growth and function resulting in muscle and bone atrophy and subsequently micrognathia, microgenia, and retrognathia.



Shetty, Priya & Thomas, Ann & Sowmya, Bhykani. (2014). Diagnosis of temporomandibular joint (TMJ) ankylosis in children. Journal of the Indian Society of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry. 32. 266-70. 10.4103/0970-4388.135848.

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