Updated Pharmacological Management of Dental Pain in Children

Acute dental pain in children may result from pulpitis, periapical or furcation inflammation, dental trauma, or invasive procedures such as tooth extraction.

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Effective management requires both definitive treatment of the underlying dental condition and appropriate pharmacological analgesia when indicated.

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Current evidence supports non-opioid analgesics as first-line therapy, particularly nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), acetaminophen, or their combination.
The 2023 American Dental Association (ADA) clinical practice guideline specifically addresses children younger than 12 years, while the American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry (AAPD) continues to identify acetaminophen and NSAIDs as first-line pharmacological therapies in pediatric patients.

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✅ First-Line Analgesics for Pediatric Dental Pain
The pharmacological approach should be individualized according to the child's age, weight, medical history, contraindications, expected pain intensity, and procedure performed.

Medication	Typical Pediatric Dose	Maximum / Important Considerations
Ibuprofen	4–10 mg/kg/dose every 6–8 hours as needed	Maximum single dose: 400 mg. Maximum: 40 mg/kg/day.
Acetaminophen (paracetamol)	10–15 mg/kg/dose every 4–6 hours as needed	Maximum: 75 mg/kg/day. Avoid exceeding the recommended total daily dose.
Naproxen	5–6 mg/kg/dose every 12 hours in children >2 years	Maximum: 1,000 mg/day for naproxen base.

Dosing should be calculated according to the child's current body weight and the specific formulation available. Product concentrations should always be verified before prescribing.

Ibuprofen
Ibuprofen is generally a preferred first-line option because dental pain frequently has a substantial inflammatory component. NSAIDs inhibit cyclooxygenase-mediated prostaglandin synthesis and therefore address both pain and inflammation.
For children undergoing extraction, the ADA guideline recommends ibuprofen alone, naproxen alone in children older than 2 years, or an NSAID combined with acetaminophen rather than acetaminophen alone.
NSAIDs should be used cautiously or avoided when clinically contraindicated, including significant renal impairment, dehydration, active gastrointestinal bleeding, or relevant NSAID hypersensitivity.

Acetaminophen
Acetaminophen provides analgesic and antipyretic effects but has limited peripheral anti-inflammatory activity. It is particularly useful when NSAIDs are contraindicated.
It may also be combined with an NSAID when analgesia from a single agent is insufficient. This combination is supported by pediatric evidence, although the certainty of evidence remains limited.
The principal safety concern is dose-related hepatotoxicity. Dentists should verify whether the child is receiving acetaminophen from another prescription or over-the-counter product.

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✅ NSAID–Acetaminophen Combination Therapy
For children with postoperative dental pain, combining an NSAID with acetaminophen can provide greater analgesic benefit than acetaminophen alone.
A systematic review and meta-analysis found that the combination of acetaminophen and ibuprofen probably reduces pain intensity more effectively than acetaminophen alone, with moderate certainty for this comparison. Evidence regarding adverse effects was considerably less certain.

The practical principle is therefore:
NSAID → reassess analgesic response → add acetaminophen when necessary, rather than automatically beginning with multiple medications in every child.
The AAPD's current guidance also recognizes multimodal pharmacological management and an alternating schedule of acetaminophen and NSAIDs when single-agent therapy is inadequate.

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✅ Postoperative Dental Pain
Following simple or surgical tooth extraction, analgesic treatment should be planned according to the anticipated intensity of postoperative pain.
The ADA pediatric guideline favors ibuprofen or naproxen, alone or combined with acetaminophen, over acetaminophen alone.
Preemptive analgesia may be considered when moderate-to-severe postoperative pain is anticipated. However, clinical trials have produced mixed findings, and preoperative analgesics should not replace adequate local anesthesia and atraumatic surgical technique.

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✅ Temporary Management of Toothache
Analgesics may be necessary when definitive dental treatment cannot be provided immediately, particularly in cases involving pulpitis, apical disease, furcation involvement, or acute apical abscess.
The medication should be regarded as a temporary measure rather than definitive treatment. The ADA guideline recommends an NSAID alone or combined with acetaminophen; acetaminophen alone is suggested when NSAIDs are contraindicated.
Analgesics do not eliminate the underlying pulpal or periapical pathology. Definitive treatment should therefore be arranged as soon as clinically feasible.

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✅ What About Opioids?
Opioids should rarely be required for acute dental pain in children. Current pediatric guidance favors non-opioid analgesics because they provide effective pain control while avoiding opioid-associated risks.
Importantly, codeine and tramadol are contraindicated in children younger than 12 years under FDA labeling because of the risk of serious or fatal respiratory depression. Additional restrictions and warnings apply to certain adolescents.
Consequently, these medications should not be used as routine analgesics for pediatric dental pain.

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✅ Important Drug-Safety Considerations
Before prescribing, the clinician should evaluate:

▪️ Current body weight, rather than relying exclusively on age.
▪️ Previous NSAID or acetaminophen adverse reactions.
▪️ Renal, hepatic, gastrointestinal, respiratory, and bleeding disorders.
▪️ Current prescription and over-the-counter medications.
▪️ Duplicate products containing acetaminophen.
▪️ Hydration status, particularly in children with vomiting, diarrhea, or poor oral intake.
▪️ Potential opioid risk factors, including obstructive sleep apnea, obesity, respiratory disease, or concomitant CNS depressants.
Aspirin should not be routinely used for pediatric dental pain, particularly in children or adolescents with viral illness because of its association with Reye syndrome.

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💬 Discussion
The contemporary approach to pediatric dental pain management represents a shift away from opioid-centered analgesia toward evidence-based non-opioid strategies.
The 2023 ADA guideline was based on a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials involving pediatric dental patients. Although the certainty of evidence was generally low or very low, the overall balance favored NSAIDs, particularly ibuprofen, alone or combined with acetaminophen, for acute pain after extraction and temporary toothache management.
An important limitation is the relative scarcity of high-quality pediatric trials, particularly for irreversible pulpitis. The systematic review identified insufficient evidence to establish the comparative effectiveness of analgesics specifically for this condition.
Therefore, pharmacological treatment should not be interpreted independently of diagnosis. Inflammatory dental pain should be managed pharmacologically while the clinician addresses its etiologic source through definitive dental treatment.
The 2026 AAPD guidance remains consistent with this approach, identifying NSAIDs and acetaminophen as first-line pharmacological therapies and emphasizing that opioid use in pediatric dental patients should be uncommon.

🎯 Clinical Recommendations
1. Use weight-based dosing rather than fixed age-based assumptions whenever possible.
2. Prefer ibuprofen or another appropriate NSAID as first-line therapy when no contraindication exists.
3. Add acetaminophen when analgesia from an NSAID alone is insufficient.
4. Use acetaminophen alone when NSAIDs are contraindicated.
5. Treat analgesics as an adjunct to, not a replacement for, definitive dental treatment.
6. Avoid codeine and tramadol in children younger than 12 years.
7. Reassess persistent or disproportionate pain rather than simply escalating analgesic therapy; persistent pain may indicate untreated pulpal, periapical, infectious, or traumatic pathology.

✍️ Conclusion
Current evidence supports a non-opioid, multimodal approach to pediatric dental pain. Ibuprofen and other NSAIDs, with or without acetaminophen, represent the principal pharmacological strategy, while acetaminophen alone remains an appropriate alternative when NSAIDs are contraindicated.
Safe prescribing requires accurate weight-based dosing, assessment of contraindications, prevention of duplicate medication exposure, and avoidance of inappropriate opioid use. Most importantly, pharmacological analgesia should accompany timely diagnosis and definitive management of the dental source of pain.

📚 References

✔ Carrasco-Labra, A., Polk, D. E., Urquhart, O., Aghaloo, T., Claytor, J. W., Jr., Dhar, V., Dionne, R. A., Espinoza, L., Gordon, S. M., Hersh, E. V., Law, A. S., Li, B. S.-K., Schwartz, P. J., Suda, K. J., Turturro, M. A., Wright, M. L., Dawson, T., Miroshnychenko, A., Pahlke, S., Pilcher, L., Shirey, M., Tampi, M., & Moore, P. A. (2023). Evidence-based clinical practice guideline for the pharmacologic management of acute dental pain in children. The Journal of the American Dental Association, 154(9), 814–825.e2. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adaj.2023.06.014
✔ Miroshnychenko, A., Azab, M., Ibrahim, S., Roldan, Y., Diaz Martinez, J. P., Tamilselvan, D., He, L., Urquhart, O., Tampi, M., Polk, D. E., Moore, P. A., Hersh, E. V., Carrasco-Labra, A., & Brignardello-Petersen, R. (2023). Analgesics for the management of acute dental pain in the pediatric population: A systematic review and meta-analysis. The Journal of the American Dental Association, 154(5), 403–416.e14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adaj.2023.02.013
✔ American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry. (2026). Acute pain management for pediatric dental patients. The Reference Manual of Pediatric Dentistry, 2026–2027.
✔ American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry. (2025). Pain management in infants, children, adolescents, and individuals with special health care needs. The Reference Manual of Pediatric Dentistry, 2025, 456–464.
✔ U.S. Food and Drug Administration. (2017). FDA restricts use of prescription codeine pain and cough medicines and tramadol pain medicines in children. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.

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Pregnancy and Braces: Is Orthodontic Treatment Safe?

Can pregnant women wear braces? Yes. Pregnancy is not, by itself, a contraindication to orthodontic treatment. Braces do not expose the developing baby to radiation or medications simply because they are attached to the teeth.

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However, pregnancy causes hormonal and physical changes that can make the gums more sensitive to plaque, increasing the likelihood of swelling, bleeding, and gingivitis. Braces can make plaque removal more difficult, so maintaining good oral hygiene becomes especially important.

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Current guidance from the American Dental Association (ADA) and the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG) also confirms that necessary dental care, including appropriate radiographs and local anesthesia, can be provided safely during pregnancy.

✅ Is It Safe to Get Braces During Pregnancy?
For most healthy pregnant women, orthodontic appliances themselves are considered compatible with pregnancy. A 2024 review of orthodontic treatment during pregnancy and lactation found no evidence that orthodontic forces adversely affect the mother or fetus, although pregnancy-related hormonal changes may influence periodontal tissues and tooth movement.

The decision to start or continue treatment should nevertheless be individualized. The orthodontist should consider:
▪️ The woman's overall oral health.
▪️ The condition of the gums and supporting tissues.
▪️ The need for diagnostic X-rays.
▪️ The patient's ability to maintain excellent oral hygiene.
▪️ Pregnancy-related nausea, vomiting, or increased dental sensitivity.
▪️ Any medical or obstetric conditions requiring coordination with the prenatal care provider.
Pregnancy does not automatically mean that existing braces need to be removed.

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✅ What Happens to the Gums During Pregnancy?
One of the biggest concerns is pregnancy gingivitis.
Hormonal changes can make gum tissues respond more strongly to plaque. When brackets and wires are added, cleaning around the teeth can become more difficult. The combination may increase inflammation.
Research specifically addressing orthodontic patients emphasizes that pregnancy-related hormonal changes plus plaque accumulation can increase gingival inflammation.
This does not mean that braces are harmful. Instead, it means that preventive care becomes more important during orthodontic treatment.

✅ Oral Care With Braces During Pregnancy

Recommendation	Why It Matters
Brush twice daily with fluoride toothpaste	Helps control plaque and prevent cavities.
Clean around brackets and the gumline	Braces create additional areas where plaque can accumulate.
Clean between teeth daily	Helps remove plaque that brushing cannot reach.
Maintain regular dental checkups	Allows early detection of gingivitis and dental caries.
Follow orthodontic appointments	Helps maintain treatment progress and appliance health.
Report persistent gum bleeding or swelling	May indicate inflammation requiring professional evaluation.

✅ Are Dental X-Rays Safe During Pregnancy?
Sometimes orthodontic treatment requires dental imaging for diagnosis or treatment planning.
The ADA states that necessary dental radiographs can be performed during pregnancy. Current recommendations emphasize that imaging should be clinically justified and that modern equipment and appropriate radiation-protection practices should be used.
Importantly, pregnancy should not lead to avoiding a clinically necessary X-ray when the information is needed for appropriate dental care. At the same time, unnecessary imaging should always be avoided.
For orthodontic patients, the orthodontist should determine whether an image is genuinely needed at that particular stage of treatment.

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✅ What About Local Anesthesia?
If a pregnant patient requires dental treatment while wearing braces, local anesthesia can generally be used when clinically indicated.
The ADA and ACOG identify local anesthetics, including lidocaine with or without epinephrine, as acceptable during pregnancy.
The choice and dose should always be determined by the dental professional according to the patient's clinical circumstances.

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✅ What If the Patient Has Morning Sickness?
Frequent vomiting can expose the teeth to stomach acid and increase the risk of enamel erosion. Braces can make oral hygiene more challenging during periods of nausea.
After vomiting, rinsing with water or a baking-soda solution can help neutralize acids. It is generally advisable not to brush immediately after vomiting, because acid temporarily softens the tooth surface.
A pregnant patient experiencing frequent vomiting should inform both her dentist and orthodontist.

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✅ Should Orthodontic Treatment Be Started During Pregnancy?
There is no general rule requiring orthodontic treatment to be postponed until after delivery.
However, starting treatment during pregnancy may not always be the most convenient option. A new orthodontic patient usually needs diagnostic records, oral-health assessment, and regular appointments. If the patient has significant gingivitis, active dental disease, poor oral hygiene, or severe pregnancy-related symptoms, these issues should be addressed first.
In contrast, a woman who is already receiving orthodontic treatment can generally continue treatment during pregnancy, provided her oral and general health remain suitable.
The orthodontist may modify appointment timing or treatment procedures when necessary for comfort, oral health, or medical reasons.

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✅ What About Orthodontic Tooth Movement During Pregnancy?
Pregnancy involves hormonal changes that affect bone metabolism and periodontal tissues. These changes may influence how tissues respond to orthodontic forces.
Current evidence does not establish that routine orthodontic tooth movement harms the mother or fetus. However, the evidence concerning whether pregnancy significantly changes the rate or predictability of tooth movement remains limited.
Therefore, orthodontists should avoid assuming that pregnancy will necessarily make treatment faster or slower and should continue to monitor tooth movement and periodontal health clinically.

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💬 Discussion
The most important issue when considering braces during pregnancy is not the presence of the orthodontic appliance itself but the patient's overall oral health.
Pregnancy can increase gingival sensitivity, while fixed appliances can make plaque control more difficult. This combination makes preventive care particularly important.
It is also important to distinguish safe dental care during pregnancy from claims that dental treatment prevents pregnancy complications. Evidence regarding whether periodontal treatment reduces outcomes such as preterm birth remains inconsistent. A recent systematic review and meta-analysis found that apparent benefits were mainly seen in lower-quality studies, while higher-quality evidence did not demonstrate significant effects on these pregnancy outcomes.
Therefore, the primary reason for maintaining excellent oral health during orthodontic treatment is to protect the mother's teeth, gums, and overall oral health, rather than to promise prevention of pregnancy complications.

🎯 Clinical Recommendations
1. Do not consider pregnancy alone a reason to discontinue braces. Assess the patient's oral and general health individually.
2. Prioritize periodontal health before and during orthodontic treatment. Persistent gingival inflammation should be evaluated and managed rather than ignored.
3. Reinforce plaque-control measures. Pregnancy plus fixed appliances creates a particularly important need for meticulous daily oral hygiene.
4. Use dental radiographs only when clinically justified. Pregnancy is not an absolute reason to avoid necessary diagnostic imaging.
5. Coordinate care when pregnancy is medically complicated. Communication between the orthodontist, dentist, and prenatal care provider is appropriate when the patient's medical circumstances require it.
6. Adjust treatment for comfort when necessary. Nausea, vomiting, fatigue, or difficulty tolerating prolonged appointments may justify modifying appointment timing or duration.

✍️ Conclusion
Pregnant women can generally wear braces safely. Pregnancy itself is not a contraindication to fixed orthodontic treatment, and current evidence does not indicate that orthodontic tooth movement harms the developing fetus.
The main clinical concern is oral health during pregnancy, particularly gingival inflammation and plaque control. With appropriate hygiene, regular dental monitoring, clinically justified radiographs, and coordination with the patient's healthcare providers when necessary, orthodontic treatment can usually be continued safely.
For women considering starting braces during pregnancy, the best approach is not simply to ask whether braces are "safe," but whether this is the appropriate time to begin treatment based on their oral health, pregnancy-related symptoms, and individual clinical needs.

📚 References

✔ American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. (2013). Oral health care during pregnancy and through the lifespan. Committee Opinion No. 569. Obstetrics & Gynecology, 122(2 Pt 1), 417–422. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.AOG.0000433066.95782.6f
✔ American Dental Association. (2025). Pregnancy. American Dental Association.
✔ Le, Q.-A., Eslick, G. D., Coulton, K. M., Akhter, R., Condous, G., Eberhard, J., & Nanan, R. (2021). Does treatment of gingivitis during pregnancy improve pregnancy outcomes? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Oral Health & Preventive Dentistry, 19, 565–572. https://doi.org/10.3290/j.ohpd.b2183059
✔ Mukherjee, P. M., & Almas, K. (2010). Orthodontic considerations for gingival health during pregnancy: A review. International Journal of Dental Hygiene, 8(1), 3–9. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1601-5037.2009.00383.x
✔ Xu, H., Cai, M., Xu, H., Shen, X.-J., & Liu, J. (2025). Role of periodontal treatment in pregnancy gingivitis and adverse outcomes: A systematic review and meta-analysis. The Journal of Maternal-Fetal & Neonatal Medicine, 38(1), 2416595. https://doi.org/10.1080/14767058.2024.2416595
✔ Zhang, L., et al. (2024). Consideration of hormonal changes for orthodontic treatment during pregnancy and lactation: A review. Reproductive Biology and Endocrinology, 22, Article 105. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12958-024-01281-z

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Dyson CameraJet: AI Toothbrush Explained

What if your toothbrush could see your teeth, recognize hard-to-clean spaces and help you clean them automatically?

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That is the idea behind the Dyson CameraJet, Dyson’s new entry into oral care. Introduced in September 2026, this premium electric toothbrush combines a built-in camera, machine learning, powered brushing and a targeted liquid jet designed to clean between teeth.

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Unlike a conventional electric toothbrush, the CameraJet is designed to do more than simply vibrate or move its bristles. Its goal is to make daily oral hygiene more guided, personalized and visually engaging.

✅ What Is the Dyson CameraJet?
The Dyson CameraJet is an electric toothbrush with an integrated 100,000-pixel macro camera. According to Dyson, the camera captures 28 images per second, while its machine-learning system identifies, tracks and predicts spaces between teeth in real time.
When the system detects an interdental space, it can activate a small, targeted burst of liquid. Dyson calls this technology Gap Optical Targeting™.

In simple terms, the concept is:
See → recognize → target → clean.
This is what makes the CameraJet different from most smart toothbrushes currently available.

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✅ How Does the AI Toothbrush Work?
The camera is positioned near the brush head and provides a close-up view of the teeth. The AI-based system analyzes the images to identify interdental gaps and determines when the targeted jet should be activated.
The liquid jet delivers up to approximately 0.15 mL of liquid between the teeth, according to Dyson's product information. The device also incorporates a pump designed to deliver the jet rapidly and consistently.
The toothbrush can also connect to the MyDyson app, where users can access live viewing, guided cleaning, coverage information and personalized feedback about their brushing technique.

Dyson CameraJet at a Glance

Feature	What It Does
AI camera	Identifies and tracks spaces between teeth.
Targeted liquid jet	Directs liquid toward selected interdental areas.
MyDyson app	Provides guided brushing, coverage information and live viewing.
Smart feedback	Helps users identify areas that may be receiving less attention.
Powered brushing	Uses powered bristles for routine tooth cleaning.

✅ What Makes It So Attractive?

1. It can show you your teeth
One of the most unusual features is the intraoral camera. Through the MyDyson app, users can see a live view of their mouth while cleaning.
For patients, this could make oral hygiene more engaging. Seeing areas that are normally difficult to observe may encourage greater attention to brushing.

2. It targets interdental spaces
Cleaning between teeth is an important part of oral hygiene. The American Dental Association recommends daily interdental cleaning, using floss or another appropriate interdental cleaner.
The CameraJet attempts to make this process easier by directing a liquid jet toward spaces identified by its camera and AI.
However, this does not yet mean that it should automatically be considered a complete replacement for every form of interdental cleaning.

3. It provides personalized feedback
The MyDyson app can show coverage maps and brushing information, helping users understand whether they are consistently reaching different areas of the mouth.
This is particularly interesting because one of the biggest challenges in oral hygiene is not simply owning a good toothbrush—it is using it consistently and effectively.

4. It combines several technologies
The CameraJet combines powered brushing, camera visualization, AI-assisted targeting, liquid interdental cleaning and app-based guidance in one system.
That makes it much more than a traditional electric toothbrush.

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✅ Is the Dyson CameraJet Clinically Better?
This is where some caution is important.
Powered toothbrushes already have a strong evidence base. A Cochrane review found that powered toothbrushes produced greater reductions in plaque and gingivitis than manual toothbrushes, although the clinical importance of some differences was considered uncertain.
More recent evidence also supports a small advantage of powered toothbrushes for plaque removal compared with manual brushing.
However, the AI and camera-guided features of the Dyson CameraJet are new, so there is considerably less independent clinical evidence specifically evaluating this technology.
Dyson reports a clinical study involving 204 participants over six weeks, comparing brushing with its CameraJet in Brush and Auto-jet modes against a manual toothbrush.
These manufacturer-reported findings are interesting, but patients should distinguish between company-reported product testing and independent peer-reviewed clinical evidence.

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✅ What About Privacy?
Because the device contains a camera, privacy is a natural concern.
Dyson states that the camera operates only when required for features such as live viewing or automatic jetting. It also states that images are not stored on the toothbrush or in the cloud, and that Dyson does not have access to the live camera feed.
This is an important consideration for anyone uncomfortable with having a connected camera inside their mouth.

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✅ Is It Worth Buying?
The Dyson CameraJet is positioned as a premium oral-care device, with a listed U.S. price of $499.99.
For someone who simply wants effective daily brushing, however, an expensive AI toothbrush is not necessary to maintain good oral health.
The fundamentals remain the same: brush twice daily for two minutes with fluoride toothpaste, clean between the teeth every day, and maintain regular dental visits.
The CameraJet's potential advantage is not that it makes basic oral hygiene unnecessary. Its appeal is that it may make oral hygiene more precise, interactive and easier to monitor.

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💬 Discussion
The Dyson CameraJet represents an interesting shift in consumer oral care: instead of simply making toothbrushes move faster, manufacturers are beginning to explore computer vision, artificial intelligence and real-time feedback.
Its most intriguing concept is the ability to identify interdental spaces and respond automatically with targeted liquid cleaning.
Nevertheless, innovation should not be confused with proven clinical superiority. The technology is very new, and independent long-term studies will be important to determine whether AI-guided cleaning produces meaningful improvements in plaque control, gingival health or patient behavior compared with established electric toothbrushes and conventional interdental-cleaning methods.
For now, the CameraJet is best viewed as an innovative premium oral-hygiene tool, rather than a replacement for professional dental care.

🎯 Clinical Recommendations
For patients considering the Dyson CameraJet:

▪️ Continue using fluoride toothpaste twice daily, even when using advanced smart-brushing technology.
▪️ Treat the AI and camera as assistance for better technique, not as a diagnosis of dental disease.
▪️ Continue daily interdental cleaning according to your dentist's recommendation; the CameraJet should not automatically be assumed to replace floss, interdental brushes or other devices in every patient.
▪️ Patients with braces, implants, periodontal disease, bridges or other complex oral conditions should ask their dentist which interdental method is most appropriate.
▪️ Remember that a smart toothbrush cannot replace dental examinations, professional cleaning or individualized preventive care.

✍️ Conclusion
The Dyson CameraJet is one of the most technologically ambitious toothbrushes introduced to date. Its combination of a miniature camera, machine learning, targeted liquid jets and app-based guidance brings artificial intelligence directly into everyday oral hygiene.
Its greatest attraction may ultimately be its ability to help people see, understand and improve their own cleaning habits.
But technology alone does not guarantee better oral health. The most important factors remain consistent brushing, fluoride toothpaste, daily interdental cleaning and professional dental care. As independent research on the CameraJet develops, we will have a better idea of whether its impressive technology translates into meaningful long-term clinical benefits.

📚 References

✔ American Dental Association. (n.d.). Dental floss/interdental cleaners. American Dental Association.
✔ American Dental Association. (n.d.). Home oral care. American Dental Association.
✔ American Dental Association. (n.d.). Toothbrushes. American Dental Association.
✔ Dyson. (2026, September 1). Introducing CameraJet. Dyson.
✔ Dyson. (2026). Dyson CameraJet™ electric toothbrush. Dyson.
✔ Molina, C., Pimentel, R. P., Oballe, H. J., Muniz, F. W. M., & Rösing, C. K. (2026). Influence of manual and powered toothbrushes on gingival lesions: A systematic review and meta-analysis. International Journal of Dental Hygiene. https://doi.org/10.1111/idh.70086
✔ Thomassen, T. M. J. A., Van der Weijden, F. G. A., & Slot, D. E. (2022). The efficacy of powered toothbrushes: A systematic review and network meta-analysis. International Journal of Dental Hygiene, 20(1), 3–17. https://doi.org/10.1111/idh.12563
✔ Yaacob, M., Worthington, H. V., Deacon, S. A., Deery, C., Walmsley, A. D., Robinson, P. G., & Glenny, A.-M. (2014). Powered versus manual toothbrushing for oral health. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, (6), CD002281. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD002281.pub3

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Best Archwire Sequence for Open Bite Treatment

Anterior open bite (AOB) is a challenging orthodontic malocclusion because successful correction depends on controlling the vertical position and inclination of both anterior and posterior teeth, while addressing the underlying skeletal, dental, and functional factors.

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Dental Article 🔽 Orthodontic Archwire Selection Guide: Types and Functions ... Different archwires have different properties. Some are flexible and ideal for the beginning of treatment, while others are stronger and provide precise tooth control during the final stages.

In patients treated with fixed appliances, archwire selection alone does not determine treatment success. The wire sequence must be integrated with appropriate vertical mechanics, anchorage control, and, when indicated, auxiliary appliances.

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Current evidence supports individualized treatment based on the etiology and severity of the open bite. In particular, posterior intrusion with temporary anchorage devices (TADs) can provide meaningful vertical control, whereas MEAW mechanics and vertical elastics can be useful when dentoalveolar compensation is appropriate.

🔹 What Is the Best Archwire Sequence for Open Bite Treatment?
There is no single archwire sequence supported as superior for every open-bite patient. A practical sequence for patients treated with conventional fixed appliances is:

Treatment Phase	Typical Archwire	Primary Objective
Initial alignment	0.012–0.014 NiTi	Gentle alignment and leveling
Continued alignment	0.016–0.018 NiTi	Progression of alignment while maintaining flexibility
Early working phase	0.016 × 0.022 or 0.017 × 0.025 NiTi	Begin three-dimensional control
Vertical-control phase	0.017 × 0.025 or 0.019 × 0.025 stainless steel/TMA	Rigidity, torque expression, and auxiliary mechanics
Finishing	0.017 × 0.025 or 0.019 × 0.025 stainless steel	Root positioning and occlusal detailing

The exact dimensions should be modified according to bracket prescription, arch form, tooth position, periodontal support, skeletal pattern, and the amount of vertical correction required. The literature does not establish these wire dimensions as a universal evidence-based sequence.

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1. Initial Alignment: Round NiTi
Treatment generally begins with a light round nickel-titanium (NiTi) archwire.
Typical progression may include:
0.012 NiTi → 0.014 NiTi → 0.016 NiTi → 0.018 NiTi
The purpose is primarily alignment and leveling rather than active open-bite closure.
In an open-bite patient, excessive early leveling should be avoided when it produces undesirable posterior extrusion or uncontrolled vertical changes. The clinician should evaluate the vertical position of the molars and incisors before progressing to larger wires.

2. Transition to Rectangular NiTi
Once sufficient alignment has been achieved, a rectangular NiTi archwire can provide improved three-dimensional control.
Examples include:
0.016 × 0.022 NiTi → 0.017 × 0.025 NiTi
or, depending on the bracket system:
0.018 × 0.025 NiTi
This phase allows progressive expression of torque and tip control while maintaining some flexibility.
The rectangular wire should not be considered the principal mechanism for closing the open bite. Its role is to establish adequate tooth control before more rigid vertical mechanics are introduced.

3. Working Archwire: Stainless Steel or TMA
When alignment and leveling are substantially complete, a more rigid rectangular archwire is generally preferable for controlled vertical mechanics.
Common options include:
▪️ 0.017 × 0.025 stainless steel
▪️ 0.019 × 0.025 stainless steel
▪️ 0.017 × 0.025 TMA when greater flexibility is desirable
A rigid working archwire is particularly useful when applying vertical elastics, extrusion mechanics, TAD-supported mechanics, or MEAW-type adjustments.
The choice between 0.017 × 0.025 and 0.019 × 0.025 should not be predetermined. A larger wire may improve control but can also increase force levels and reduce flexibility. Periodontal support and tooth mobility must therefore be considered.

4. Vertical Elastics: An Important Auxiliary
Anterior vertical elastics are frequently used after adequate arch coordination has been established.
They can be attached between:
▪️ maxillary and mandibular incisors,
▪️ canine-to-canine regions, or
▪️ selected anterior segments according to the required force system.
Their principal effect is dentoalveolar extrusion of the anterior teeth, so they are most appropriate when anterior extrusion is compatible with the patient's smile esthetics, incisor display, and skeletal pattern.
Clinical studies have demonstrated successful open-bite correction using vertical elastics combined with posterior vertical control and MEAW mechanics.

5. TADs for Posterior Vertical Control
For patients in whom excessive posterior dentoalveolar height contributes significantly to the open bite, temporary anchorage devices (TADs) may provide a more appropriate biomechanical strategy than relying primarily on anterior extrusion.
TAD-supported posterior intrusion can produce:
▪️ molar intrusion
▪️ counterclockwise mandibular autorotation in appropriate patients
▪️ reduction of anterior facial height in selected cases
▪️ improvement of anterior overbite

A 2025 systematic review and meta-analysis reported a pooled mean molar intrusion of approximately 1.70 mm with TAD-supported treatment, although substantial heterogeneity existed among studies.
Another systematic review reported approximately 2.89 mm of maxillary molar intrusion with skeletal anchorage, with greater effects reported for miniplates than miniscrews.
Therefore, TADs should be considered particularly when the treatment objective is posterior intrusion rather than simply anterior extrusion.

🔹 Additional Appliances Used With Fixed Brackets
Open-bite treatment frequently requires auxiliary appliances in addition to the archwire.

Auxiliary	Main Indication	Principal Biomechanical Role
Vertical elastics	Mild–moderate dentoalveolar AOB	Anterior extrusion and settling
TADs / miniscrews	Skeletal or posterior vertical excess	Posterior intrusion and anchorage
Palatal crib	Persistent tongue-thrusting or habit-related AOB	Habit modification and tongue control
Bonded lingual spurs	Selected patients with abnormal tongue posture or habits	Restriction of anterior tongue pressure
MEAW	More complex dentoalveolar or skeletal open bite	Posterior uprighting, occlusal-plane control, and anterior extrusion
Posterior bite blocks	Selected growing patients	Vertical control and posterior eruption modification
High-pull headgear / chin cup	Selected growing patients	Additional orthopedic and vertical control

Evidence for habit-breaking appliances is strongest in growing patients with a functional component. Systematic reviews have found that palatal cribs, bonded spurs, and related appliances can improve overbite, although the certainty of evidence varies.

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🔹 MEAW Mechanics: When Should They Be Considered?
The Multiloop Edgewise Archwire (MEAW) technique remains an option for selected open-bite patients, particularly when detailed control of posterior tooth inclination and the occlusal plane is required.
A typical MEAW approach uses a rectangular stainless-steel wire with multiple loops and is frequently combined with vertical elastics.
Clinical studies have reported approximately 4 mm of overbite improvement following MEAW therapy, with favorable stability reported in selected patients. However, much of the literature consists of observational studies and treatment reports rather than high-level comparative trials.
Consequently, MEAW should be regarded as a specific biomechanical technique, not as a universally superior archwire sequence.

🔹 Archwire Sequence According to Treatment Objective
The most appropriate sequence depends more on the vertical problem being treated than on wire size alone.

Clinical Situation	Preferred Strategy
Mild dental open bite	Alignment → rectangular working wire → vertical elastics
Open bite associated with tongue habit	Fixed appliances + habit control/crib or spurs + vertical mechanics
Increased posterior dentoalveolar height	Rigid rectangular wire + TAD-supported molar intrusion
Significant skeletal open bite in a nonsurgical patient	Rigid rectangular mechanics ± MEAW + TADs/elastics
Severe skeletal discrepancy	Orthodontic camouflage or orthognathic surgery, depending on diagnosis
Finishing after bite closure	Rigid rectangular stainless steel + controlled settling

💬 Discussion
The principal limitation of describing a single “best archwire sequence” is that open bite is not a uniform biomechanical problem. A patient with predominantly anterior dentoalveolar deficiency requires a different force system from a patient with excessive posterior dentoalveolar height or a pronounced skeletal vertical pattern.
The current evidence increasingly favors vertical control rather than indiscriminate anterior extrusion when posterior vertical excess is present. TAD-supported molar intrusion has demonstrated clinically relevant improvements in overbite, although treatment outcomes vary substantially between studies.
MEAW mechanics can also produce substantial open-bite correction, but the evidence base is less robust and should not be interpreted as proof that MEAW is superior to conventional rectangular archwires combined with appropriate auxiliaries.
Long-term stability remains an important consideration. A systematic review of TAD-supported molar intrusion found approximately 1.23 mm of standardized overbite relapse, with reported molar relapse of approximately 12% for maxillary molars and 27.2% for mandibular molars. The certainty of evidence was low to very low.
Therefore, etiologic diagnosis, vertical anchorage, controlled tooth movement, and retention are more important than selecting a particular wire sequence in isolation.

🎯 Clinical Recommendations
1. Do not use a fixed archwire sequence for every open-bite patient. Adapt wire progression to the vertical diagnosis and periodontal condition.
2. Use round NiTi primarily for alignment, progressing to rectangular NiTi once adequate alignment permits three-dimensional control.
3. Introduce rigid rectangular mechanics before demanding vertical movements with elastics, TADs, or MEAW.
4. When posterior vertical excess is a major component, prioritize posterior intrusion rather than relying exclusively on anterior extrusion.
5. Use TADs when reliable posterior anchorage and intrusion are required, particularly in nongrowing patients with skeletal or dentoalveolar vertical excess.
6. Reserve MEAW mechanics for cases in which its specific control of posterior inclination and the occlusal plane provides a biomechanical advantage.
7. Plan retention from the beginning. Open-bite correction has a recognized relapse tendency, particularly when the original functional or skeletal factors remain unresolved.

✍️ Conclusion
The best archwire sequence for open bite treatment is not a single standardized progression of wire sizes. A practical approach is to begin with light round NiTi for alignment, transition to rectangular NiTi for three-dimensional control, and use a rigid rectangular stainless-steel or TMA working wire for vertical mechanics and finishing.
However, the decisive factor is the force system applied to the malocclusion. Vertical elastics may be sufficient in mild dentoalveolar cases, whereas TAD-supported posterior intrusion or MEAW mechanics may be more appropriate when greater vertical control is required. The final treatment strategy should therefore be based on the patient's skeletal pattern, posterior vertical dimension, incisor display, functional factors, growth status, and periodontal support rather than on archwire size alone.

📚 References

✔ Alsafadi, A. S., Alabdullah, M. M., Saltaji, H., Abdo, A., & Youssef, M. (2016). Effect of molar intrusion with temporary anchorage devices in patients with anterior open bite: A systematic review. Progress in Orthodontics, 17, 9. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40510-016-0122-4
✔ Burgos-Lancero, P., Ibor-Miguel, M., Marqués-Martínez, L., Boo-Gordillo, P., García-Miralles, E., & Guinot-Barona, C. (2025). Correction of anterior open bite using temporary anchorage devices: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 14(14), 4958. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14144958
✔ Kim, Y. H., Han, U. K., Lim, D. D., & Serraon, M. L. (2000). Stability of anterior openbite correction with multiloop edgewise archwire therapy: A cephalometric follow-up study. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, 118(1), 43–54. https://doi.org/10.1067/mod.2000.104830
✔ Omidkhoda, M., Bardideh, E., Jahanbin, A., & Zarei, M. (2023). Effects of posterior intrusion using skeletal anchorage on treating anterior open bite: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Dental Research, Dental Clinics, Dental Prospects, 17, 196–210. https://doi.org/10.34172/joddd.2023.40754
✔ Papageorgiou, S. N., Konstantinidis, I., Papadopoulou, K., Jäger, A., & Bourauel, C. (2014). A systematic review and meta-analysis of experimental clinical evidence on initial aligning archwires and archwire sequences. Orthodontics & Craniofacial Research, 17(4), 197–215. https://doi.org/10.1111/ocr.12048
✔ Peterkin, C., Abu Arqub, S., Murphy, N., Karanth, D., & Dolce, C. (2024). A retrospective comparative cephalometric evaluation of non-extraction multiloop edgewise archwire and bicuspid extraction therapies in anterior open bite treatment. Clinical Oral Investigations, 28, 569. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00784-024-05966-y

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Pediatric Endodontics: Current Concepts and Techniques

Pediatric endodontics focuses on preserving primary and immature permanent teeth affected by dental caries, trauma, developmental abnormalities, or pulpal and periapical disease.

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Contemporary management has shifted from a predominantly tissue-removal approach toward biologically based pulp therapy, emphasizing preservation of healthy pulp tissue whenever possible.

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Current recommendations distinguish treatment according to pulpal diagnosis, tooth restorability, root development, and the expected lifespan of the tooth.
For primary teeth, evidence increasingly supports indirect pulp treatment and calcium-silicate cement pulpotomy for appropriately selected vital teeth. In immature permanent teeth, maintaining pulp vitality is particularly important because it permits continued root maturation and apexogenesis.

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✅ Pulpal Diagnosis in Children
Accurate diagnosis is the foundation of pediatric endodontic treatment. Clinical history, symptoms, clinical examination, radiographic findings, and, when appropriate, pulp sensibility testing should be interpreted collectively.
In primary teeth, symptoms may be less predictable than in permanent teeth; therefore, clinical and radiographic findings should not be interpreted in isolation. Important findings include spontaneous or lingering pain, abnormal mobility, swelling, sinus tract formation, furcation radiolucency, pathological root resorption, and changes in the supporting tissues.

The principal diagnostic categories include:
▪️ Normal pulp
▪️ Reversible pulpitis
▪️ Symptomatic or asymptomatic irreversible pulpitis
▪️ Pulp necrosis
▪️ Previously treated or previously initiated therapy, when applicable
The treatment objective is not simply to eliminate pain but to control infection and preserve the tooth and surrounding tissues for as long as clinically appropriate.

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✅ Vital Pulp Therapy in Primary Teeth
For primary teeth with normal pulp or reversible pulpitis, contemporary management favors conservative approaches that preserve radicular pulp vitality.

Indirect Pulp Treatment
Indirect pulp treatment (IPT) is particularly useful for deep carious lesions when the pulp is considered vital and there are no clinical or radiographic findings indicating irreversible disease.
Selective caries removal reduces the probability of pulp exposure while allowing the remaining dentin and pulp-dentin complex to maintain biological activity. The 2024 AAPD guideline provides strong evidence supporting IPT for deeply carious primary teeth.

Pulpotomy
A pulpotomy removes the coronal pulp while preserving the radicular pulp. It remains an important treatment for vital primary teeth when caries removal results in exposure and the remaining radicular pulp is considered capable of healing.
Current evidence favors calcium-silicate materials, particularly mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) and Biodentine, over several traditional pulpotomy medicaments. The AAPD 2024 guideline found higher 24-month success with IPT or calcium-silicate cement pulpotomy compared with several alternative approaches.
Consequently, calcium-silicate cement pulpotomy has become a major contemporary approach in primary-tooth vital pulp therapy.

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✅ Non-Vital Pulp Therapy in Primary Teeth
When a primary tooth presents with irreversible pulpitis or pulp necrosis, treatment generally requires removal of infected or necrotic tissue.

Pulpectomy
Pulpectomy involves removal of the pulp from the entire root canal system, followed by canal debridement, disinfection, and filling with a resorbable material.
Hand and rotary instrumentation can both be used. Evidence reviewed by the AAPD indicates that rotary instrumentation can substantially reduce instrumentation time without demonstrating a significant difference in filling quality or overall treatment success compared with manual instrumentation.
Irrigation is an essential component of canal disinfection. Sodium hypochlorite may be used at appropriate concentrations, but because of its tissue toxicity, extrusion beyond the root apex must be avoided. The final obturation material should be compatible with the physiologic resorption of primary roots.

Lesion Sterilization and Tissue Repair
Lesion sterilization and tissue repair (LSTR) is a non-instrumentation or minimally instrumented approach involving antimicrobial agents. It may have a role in selected primary teeth, particularly when conventional pulpectomy is unfavorable.
However, the evidence indicates that its application should be selective. LSTR may be advantageous in teeth with preoperative root resorption, whereas conventional pulpectomy performs better when roots remain intact. Close clinical and radiographic follow-up is therefore essential.

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✅ Vital Pulp Therapy in Immature Permanent Teeth
The management of immature permanent teeth differs fundamentally from that of primary teeth because preservation of vital pulp tissue can allow continued physiologic root development.

For permanent teeth with normal pulp or reversible pulpitis, contemporary options include:
▪️ Indirect pulp treatment
▪️ Direct pulp capping
▪️ Partial pulpotomy
▪️ Complete pulpotomy
The 2025 AAPD guideline indicates that selective caries removal is strongly recommended for deep caries in permanent teeth with normal pulp or reversible pulpitis. When pulp exposure occurs, calcium-silicate materials may be used for direct pulp capping, partial pulpotomy, or complete pulpotomy.

Partial Pulpotomy
Partial pulpotomy removes a limited portion of inflamed coronal pulp while preserving deeper healthy tissue. It is particularly relevant for traumatic exposures and selected carious exposures.
For traumatic exposures, the Cvek technique removes approximately 1–3 mm of superficial inflamed pulp, or more when necessary to reach healthy tissue. Hemostasis and a biologically compatible pulp-capping material are then required.

Complete Pulpotomy
Contemporary evidence has expanded the potential indications for complete pulpotomy in permanent teeth. In selected teeth with symptoms traditionally associated with irreversible pulpitis, complete pulpotomy may be considered when the pulp remains vital and adequate hemostasis can be achieved.
The 2025 AAPD guideline recommends calcium-silicate materials for vital pulp therapy and emphasizes appropriate hemostasis, with sodium hypochlorite recommended for pulp-hemostasis procedures.

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✅ Apexogenesis, Apexification, and Regenerative Endodontics
The primary biological objective in an immature permanent tooth with vital pulp is apexogenesis, allowing continued root development and thickening of the dentinal walls.
When the pulp is necrotic, conventional treatment may compromise further physiologic root development. Depending on the clinical situation, regenerative endodontic procedures or apexification may therefore be considered.
Regenerative approaches aim to promote continued root maturation and development of the apical region. Treatment selection should consider the stage of root development, infection control, restorability, and the long-term prognosis of the tooth. The current AAPD framework includes apexification and regenerative endodontics among the principal options for non-vital immature permanent teeth.

✅ Contemporary Materials and Techniques

Clinical Situation	Preferred Contemporary Approach	Key Consideration
Deep caries, vital primary tooth	Indirect pulp treatment	Selective caries removal and an effective coronal seal
Pulp exposure in a vital primary tooth	Calcium-silicate pulpotomy	MTA or another appropriate calcium-silicate cement
Necrotic primary tooth	Pulpectomy	Effective disinfection and resorbable obturation
Immature permanent tooth, vital pulp	Vital pulp therapy	Preserve vitality and promote apexogenesis
Traumatic pulp exposure	Partial pulpotomy	Remove inflamed superficial pulp and obtain hemostasis
Necrotic immature permanent tooth	Regenerative endodontics or apexification	Root maturity, infection control, and long-term prognosis

Table based on current AAPD recommendations and contemporary evidence.

✅ Technical Principles for Pediatric Endodontic Procedures
Successful pediatric endodontics depends not only on treatment selection but also on infection control, isolation, tissue preservation, and coronal sealing.

Isolation
Rubber dam isolation should be considered fundamental whenever endodontic treatment is performed. It improves moisture control, reduces microbial contamination, and protects the child from aspiration or ingestion of instruments and materials.

Magnification
Magnification can improve visualization of pulp tissue and facilitate assessment during vital pulp procedures. Its value is particularly relevant when determining the quality of the remaining pulp and controlling hemorrhage.

Hemostasis
In vital pulp therapy, controlled hemorrhage is an important clinical indicator. Persistent bleeding may indicate more extensive inflammation and influence the decision to remove additional pulp tissue or change the treatment approach.

Coronal Seal
A durable coronal restoration is essential because bacterial leakage can compromise otherwise successful pulp therapy. The definitive restoration should provide an effective seal and sufficient structural protection for the expected life of the tooth.

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💬 Discussion
The contemporary concept of pediatric endodontics is increasingly centered on biological preservation rather than routine removal of the entire pulp. This is particularly evident in the growing evidence supporting IPT and calcium-silicate pulpotomy in primary teeth and vital pulp therapy in immature permanent teeth.
The 2024 AAPD guideline found high-certainty evidence favoring IPT and calcium-silicate cement pulpotomy for deeply carious vital primary teeth. It also moved clinical practice further away from several traditional medicaments, including calcium hydroxide as a primary pulpotomy medicament and toward calcium-silicate materials.
At the same time, the 2025 AAPD guideline for permanent teeth reflects an important conceptual change: irreversible pulpitis does not automatically require complete pulpectomy or conventional root canal treatment when the pulp remains clinically viable and the tooth can be appropriately managed. Selected cases may benefit from partial or complete pulpotomy using calcium-silicate materials.
Nevertheless, evidence quality is not uniform across all pediatric endodontic interventions. Treatment decisions should therefore integrate the best available evidence with clinical diagnosis, tooth restorability, root development, infection status, patient cooperation, and long-term prognosis.

🎯 Clinical Recommendations
1. Prioritize biological diagnosis over symptoms alone. Combine history, clinical examination, radiographic findings, and pulp testing when appropriate.
2. Preserve vital pulp tissue whenever predictable healing is possible, particularly in immature permanent teeth where vitality supports continued root development.
3. Consider IPT as a first-line approach for appropriately selected deeply carious vital primary teeth, avoiding unnecessary pulp exposure.
4. When pulpotomy is indicated in a primary tooth, calcium-silicate cements such as MTA or Biodentine should be strongly considered based on current evidence.
5. For necrotic primary teeth, select pulpectomy or carefully indicated LSTR according to root resorption, infection, restorability, and prognosis.
6. In immature permanent teeth, consider partial or complete pulpotomy before conventional root canal treatment when the pulp remains potentially reparable and adequate hemostasis can be achieved.
7. Do not compromise apical development unnecessarily. Preservation of pulp vitality in immature permanent teeth should remain a major treatment objective.
8. Establish an effective coronal seal and schedule clinical and radiographic follow-up, because treatment success depends on both biological management and restoration quality.

✍️ Conclusion
Pediatric endodontics has evolved toward conservative, biologically oriented treatment. Current evidence supports indirect pulp treatment and calcium-silicate pulpotomy as important approaches for selected primary teeth, while vital pulp therapy has an increasingly important role in immature permanent teeth.
The fundamental principle is to match the intervention to the biological condition of the pulp rather than relying exclusively on historical treatment protocols. Accurate diagnosis, strict isolation, effective disinfection, appropriate biomaterials, durable coronal sealing, and systematic follow-up remain essential to achieving predictable outcomes.

📚 References

✔ American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry. (2026). Pulp therapy for primary and immature permanent teeth. In The Reference Manual of Pediatric Dentistry. American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry.
✔ Coll, J. A., Dhar, V., Chen, C.-Y., Crystal, Y. O., Guelmann, M., Marghalani, A. A., AlShamali, S., Xu, Z., Glickman, G. N., & Wedeward, R. (2024). Use of vital pulp therapies in primary teeth 2024. Pediatric Dentistry, 46(1), 13–26.
✔ Coll, J. A., Dhar, V., Chen, C.-Y., et al. (2023). Primary tooth vital pulp treatment interventions: Systematic review and meta-analyses. Pediatric Dentistry, 45(6), 474–546.
✔ Coll, J. A., Vargas, K., Marghalani, A. A., et al. (2020). Use of non-vital pulp therapies in primary teeth. Pediatric Dentistry, 42(5), 337–349.
✔ Coll, J. A., Dhar, V., Guelmann, M., Crystal, Y. O., Chen, C.-Y., Marghalani, A. A., Alshamali, S., Xu, Z., Ather, A., Sabeti, M., & Wedeward, R. (2025). Guideline for use of vital pulp therapy in permanent teeth. Pediatric Dentistry, 47(5), 299–311.
✔ Duggal, M., Gizani, S., Albadri, S., Krämer, N., Stratigaki, E., Tong, H. J., Seremidi, K., Kloukos, D., BaniHani, A., Santamaría, R. M., Hu, S., Maden, M., Amend, S., Boutsiouki, C., Bekes, K., Lygidakis, N., Frankenberger, R., Monteiro, J., Anttonen, V., ... Parekh, S. (2022). Best clinical practice guidance for treating deep carious lesions in primary teeth: An EAPD policy document. European Archives of Paediatric Dentistry, 23(5), 659–666. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40368-022-00718-6
✔ Da Silva, E. J. N. L., et al. (2024). Success of primary teeth pulpotomy using calcium silicate cements: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. Pediatric Dentistry, 46(6), 373–395.

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