Webinar: Prevención en odontopediatría - Dra. Gema Antúnez Mejías

La prevención constituye el eje central de la odontopediatría moderna y se inicia con la instauración del hogar dental, un espacio de acompañamiento continuo entre el odontopediatra, los padres y el niño, que permite instaurar hábitos saludables desde edades tempranas.

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Artículo Odontológico 🔽 Manejo de la Caries Dental en Niños: Técnicas de Remineralización y Tratamientos Preventivos ... A continuación, exploramos las técnicas de remineralización más utilizadas y los tratamientos preventivos disponibles en la odontopediatría.

La evidencia científica reciente destaca que la detección y control de factores de riesgo, como dieta cariogénica, higiene oral deficiente y transmisión bacteriana temprana, son claves para reducir la prevalencia de caries de la infancia temprana (ECC), considerada la enfermedad oral más común en niños.

Enlaces Patrocinados

Asimismo, la prevención se extiende al desarrollo orofacial, donde la promoción de la lactancia materna, la eliminación temprana de hábitos nocivos (como el uso prolongado de biberón o chupón) y la vigilancia del crecimiento craneofacial permiten reducir la aparición de maloclusiones.

Este enfoque integral no solo disminuye la necesidad de tratamientos invasivos, sino que también mejora la calidad de vida del paciente pediátrico y sienta las bases de una salud oral sostenible a largo plazo.

📌 VEA EL WEBINAR: "Prevención en odontopediatria - Dra. Gema Antúnez Mejías"

Fuente: Youtube / Portal Odontólogos

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Webinar: Clinically applicable Pulpotomy for the Primary Tooth - Dr. Joby Peter

Clinically applicable pulpotomy in primary teeth remains a cornerstone of pediatric dentistry, evolving with advances in diagnostic precision and biocompatible medicaments.

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By combining clinical and radiographic evaluation with evidence-based protocols, pulpotomy ensures the preservation of primary teeth, maintaining arch integrity and supporting proper oral development.

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Modern pulpotomy techniques emphasize the selection of safe and effective medicaments, accurate diagnosis, and careful execution of the procedure. This approach not only improves treatment outcomes but also promotes long-term oral health in children by managing pulp vitality while minimizing complications.

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Integrating new materials with established clinical practice is redefining how pediatric dentists approach pulpal therapy, ensuring reliability, safety, and functionality in every case.

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Viral Diseases of the Oral Mucosa in Pediatric Dentistry: Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Treatment - Comparative Table 📊

Viral diseases affecting the oral mucosa are frequent in pediatric dentistry and often present diagnostic and therapeutic challenges. The most common conditions include primary herpetic gingivostomatitis (HSV-1), hand-foot-mouth disease (HFMD, caused by Coxsackie and enteroviruses), and herpangina. Other relevant viral infections include varicella-zoster virus (VZV), Epstein–Barr virus (EBV), and cytomegalovirus (CMV).

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This article reviews the main viral oral diseases in children, including their signs, symptoms, diagnostic approaches, clinical features, pharmacological management, and therapeutic options, ending with a discussion and clinical conclusion.

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1. Major Viral Oral Diseases in Children

1.1 Primary Herpetic Gingivostomatitis (HSV-1)

➤ Signs and symptoms: Painful vesicles and ulcers on gingiva, lips, and oral mucosa; fever, malaise, cervical lymphadenopathy, and refusal to eat or drink, increasing the risk of dehydration.
➤ Diagnosis: Mainly clinical. In uncertain cases, PCR, viral culture, or Tzanck smear may be used.
➤ Treatment: Oral acyclovir (40–80 mg/kg/day in 3–4 doses for 7–14 days) is the drug of choice. Valacyclovir or famciclovir are options for recurrences. Topical antivirals are less effective.
➤ Clinical features: Highly contagious; recurrences are common and may benefit from daily prophylaxis in selected cases.

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1.2 Hand-Foot-Mouth Disease (HFMD)

➤ Signs and symptoms: Painful ulcers (2–4 mm) on tongue, gingiva, and palate; accompanied by papules and vesicles on hands and feet; fever and malaise are common.
➤ Diagnosis: Clinical. In atypical presentations, throat or stool samples may confirm viral etiology.
➤ Treatment: No specific antiviral therapy exists. Management includes analgesics (acetaminophen, ibuprofen), hydration, and topical anesthetics for oral pain. Aspirin should be avoided in children.
➤ Clinical features: Self-limiting, resolving within 7–10 days. High transmissibility in children under 5 years of age.

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1.3 Herpangina

➤ Signs and symptoms: High fever, sore throat, and headache, followed by small vesicles on the soft palate, tonsillar pillars, and uvula that evolve into ulcers ≤5 mm.
➤ Diagnosis: Clinical; differentiation from HSV is based on posterior vs. anterior lesion distribution.
➤ Treatment: Supportive; pain relief and hydration. Symptoms usually resolve within 5–7 days.

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2. Other Viral Infections of the Oral Cavity
Other less frequent but clinically relevant infections include varicella-zoster (chickenpox and herpes zoster), infectious mononucleosis (EBV), CMV infections, and oral papillomavirus lesions. These conditions may present with vesicles, erythematous patches, or papillary growths such as squamous papilloma and focal epithelial hyperplasia.

3. Diagnostic Considerations
A careful evaluation of lesion distribution, systemic symptoms, and medical history is crucial. In complex or atypical cases, laboratory tests such as PCR, serology, or biopsy may be required to confirm viral etiology.

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4. Management and Pharmacological Interventions

° Herpangina & HFMD: Supportive care with analgesics and hydration.
° HSV-1: Oral acyclovir remains the gold standard; valacyclovir and famciclovir are effective alternatives in adolescents and recurrent cases.
° Other viral infections: Generally self-limited; antiviral therapy is rarely required, except in immunocompromised patients or severe cases.

Comparative Table: Viral Oral Diseases in Children

Feature	Primary Herpetic Gingivostomatitis (HSV-1)	Hand-Foot-Mouth Disease (HFMD)	Herpangina
Etiology	Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1)	Coxsackie A16, Enterovirus 71	Coxsackie A, B
Age group	6 months – 5 years	<5 years	<10 years
Oral lesion location	Anterior mucosa, gingiva, lips	Tongue, gingiva, hard palate	Soft palate, tonsillar pillars, uvula
Lesion type	Vesicles → painful ulcers	Vesicles and small ulcers	Small gray vesicles → ulcers
Systemic symptoms	High fever, malaise, lymphadenopathy	Low-grade fever, malaise	High fever, sore throat, headache
Transmission	Saliva, direct contact	Fecal-oral, droplets	Fecal-oral, droplets
Duration	10–14 days	7–10 days	5–7 days
Treatment	Oral acyclovir, hydration, pain control	Symptomatic: analgesics, hydration	Symptomatic: analgesics, hydration
Complications	Dehydration, recurrence, secondary infection	Dehydration, nail changes (rare)	Dehydration, rare complications

5. Discussion
Viral oral infections in children are highly prevalent and must be correctly identified to ensure proper management. Although most are self-limiting, they can significantly affect nutrition, hydration, and quality of life. Pediatric dentists must differentiate among herpetic gingivostomatitis, HFMD, and herpangina to prevent misdiagnosis and overtreatment.
Recent literature emphasizes decision-making algorithms for pediatric oral lesions, highlighting the need for continuous education in pediatric dentistry.

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6. Conclusion
The most common viral diseases of the oral mucosa in children—HSV-1, HFMD, and herpangina—present distinct features that allow clinical differentiation. While HSV requires specific antiviral therapy, HFMD and herpangina rely on symptomatic management. Accurate diagnosis prevents complications such as dehydration and secondary infections. Pediatric dentists must remain updated on viral oral manifestations to provide evidence-based care.

📚 References

✔ American Academy of Family Physicians (AAFP). (2010). Nongenital herpes simplex virus. American Family Physician, 82(9), 1075-1082. Retrieved from https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2010/1101/p1075.html
✔ Guillouet, C., et al. (2022). Oral lesions of viral, bacterial, and fungal diseases in children: Diagnostic decision tools. Frontiers in Pediatrics. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9358008/
✔ Mayo Clinic. (2025, July 26). Hand-foot-and-mouth disease: Diagnosis & treatment. Retrieved from https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hand-foot-and-mouth-disease/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20353041
✔ Santosh, A. B. R., & Muddana, K. (2020). Viral infections of the oral cavity: Clinical presentation, pathogenic mechanism, investigations, and management. Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care, 9(1), 36–42. https://journals.lww.com/jfmpc/fulltext/2020/09010/viral_infections_of_oral_cavity.8.aspx


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Adverse Effects of Local Anesthesia in Pediatric Dentistry: Types, Symptoms, and Management

Local anesthetics are indispensable for ensuring pain-free dental procedures and reducing anxiety in children.

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However, due to factors such as age, body weight, and immature metabolism, pediatric patients are at higher risk of adverse reactions (Malamed, 2022). Understanding the potential complications and their management is critical to ensuring safe dental practice.

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✅ Types of Local Anesthetics in Pediatric Dentistry

➤ Lidocaine 2% with epinephrine: considered the “gold standard,” safe with low toxicity risk.
➤ Mepivacaine 2% and 3%: useful for patients sensitive to vasoconstrictors, though the 3% plain solution has a higher risk of systemic toxicity.
➤ Articaine 4% with epinephrine: highly effective with superior bone diffusion, but associated with an increased risk of paresthesia.
➤ Prilocaine 3%: lower vasodilatory effect, but may induce methemoglobinemia in high doses.
➤ Bupivacaine 0.5%: long-acting, recommended for extensive procedures, but carries a higher risk of cardiotoxicity.

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✅ Local Adverse Effects

➤ Injection site pain: localized inflammation or hematoma.
➤ Trismus: muscle trauma or irritation from improper technique.
➤ Paresthesia: most commonly linked to articaine and prilocaine, involving the lingual or inferior alveolar nerve.
➤ Tissue necrosis: associated with high vasoconstrictor concentration.

✅ Systemic Adverse Effects
Often linked to overdose, rapid absorption, or idiosyncratic reactions:

➤ Central Nervous System (CNS): dizziness, drowsiness, blurred vision, tremors, seizures.
➤ Cardiovascular system: bradycardia, hypotension, arrhythmias, cardiovascular collapse.
➤ Allergic reactions: rare, but may include urticaria, bronchospasm, or anaphylaxis.
➤ Methemoglobinemia: related to high doses of prilocaine, leading to cyanosis and respiratory distress.

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✅ Clinical Signs and Symptoms

➤ Pale skin, dizziness, blurred vision after injection.
➤ Drowsiness or unusual behavior in children.
➤ Seizures in severe overdose cases.
➤ Tachycardia or bradycardia depending on drug and dosage.
➤ Cyanosis and breathing difficulties in methemoglobinemia.

✅ Management and Treatment

1. Prevention:
° Calculate maximum safe dose in mg/kg (e.g., lidocaine 4.4 mg/kg; mepivacaine 4.4 mg/kg; articaine 7 mg/kg).
° Avoid high concentrations in underweight patients.
° Aspirate before injection to prevent intravascular administration.
2. Treatment:
° Stop anesthetic administration immediately.
° Place patient in a supine position with a clear airway.
° Provide supplemental oxygen.
° Manage seizures with benzodiazepines (midazolam or diazepam).
° Severe allergic reactions: intramuscular epinephrine, corticosteroids, and antihistamines.
° Methemoglobinemia: intravenous methylene blue (1%).
° Continuous monitoring and hospital transfer if necessary.

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💬 Discussion
Balancing analgesic efficacy with safety is crucial when using local anesthetics in pediatric dentistry. Solutions at 2% concentration generally present lower toxicity risk compared to higher concentrations, making them preferable in younger patients. While severe complications are rare, their potential impact highlights the importance of proper pharmacological knowledge, accurate dosage calculation, and readiness to handle emergencies.

✍️ Conclusion
Local anesthesia is safe in pediatric dentistry when applied correctly and within recommended dosages. Early recognition of adverse effects and proper clinical management are key to minimizing risks. Continuous education in dental pharmacology and the availability of emergency protocols in the dental office are essential for optimal patient care.

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📚 References

✔ Malamed, S. F. (2022). Handbook of Local Anesthesia (7th ed.). Elsevier.
✔ Haas, D. A. (2022). Adverse effects of local anesthetics in dentistry. Journal of the Canadian Dental Association, 88, m8.
✔ Pogrel, M. A. (2019). Permanent nerve damage from inferior alveolar nerve blocks—An update to include articaine. Journal of the California Dental Association, 47(3), 127–133.
✔ Becker, D. E., & Reed, K. L. (2012). Local anesthetics: Review of pharmacological considerations. Anesthesia Progress, 59(2), 90–102. https://doi.org/10.2344/0003-3006-59.2.90
✔ Meechan, J. G. (2018). Local anaesthesia for children. British Dental Journal, 225(4), 299–304. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.bdj.2018.633

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Efectos adversos de la anestesia local en odontopediatría: tipos, síntomas y tratamiento

La odontopediatría depende del uso seguro de anestésicos locales para garantizar procedimientos sin dolor y reducir la ansiedad en los niños.

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Sin embargo, factores como la edad, peso, metabolismo inmaduro y la dosis administrada aumentan la probabilidad de efectos adversos en esta población (Malamed, 2022). El conocimiento de las complicaciones asociadas y de su manejo clínico resulta esencial para minimizar riesgos.

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✅ Tipos de anestesia local en odontopediatría
Los anestésicos más utilizados en niños incluyen:

➤ Lidocaína 2% con epinefrina: considerada el “estándar de oro”, segura y con bajo riesgo de toxicidad.
➤ Mepivacaína 2% y 3%: útil en pacientes sensibles a vasoconstrictores, pero con mayor riesgo de toxicidad sistémica en soluciones al 3% (sin epinefrina).
➤ Articaína 4% con epinefrina: de alta eficacia y difusión ósea, pero asociada con un mayor riesgo de parestesia en comparación con otros anestésicos.
➤ Prilocaína 3%: menos vasodilatadora, pero puede inducir metahemoglobinemia en dosis elevadas.
➤ Bupivacaína 0.5%: de larga duración, indicada en procedimientos complejos, aunque con mayor riesgo de toxicidad cardiovascular.

✅ Efectos adversos locales

➤ Dolor postinyección: inflamación o hematoma en el sitio de punción.
➤ Trismus: lesión muscular o irritación por técnica inadecuada.
➤ Parestesia: más frecuente con articaína y prilocaína, afecta nervio lingual o alveolar inferior.
➤ Necrosis tisular: asociada a vasoconstrictores en exceso.

✅ Efectos adversos sistémicos
Relacionados con sobredosis, absorción rápida o sensibilidad idiosincrática:

➤ Sistema nervioso central (SNC): mareo, somnolencia, visión borrosa, temblores, convulsiones.
➤ Sistema cardiovascular: bradicardia, hipotensión, arritmias, colapso circulatorio.
➤ Reacciones alérgicas: raras, pero pueden incluir urticaria, broncoespasmo o anafilaxia.
➤ Metahemoglobinemia: asociada a prilocaína en dosis altas, produce cianosis y dificultad respiratoria.

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✅ Signos y síntomas clínicos

➤ Palidez, mareo y visión borrosa tras la inyección.
➤ Somnolencia, alteraciones del comportamiento en el niño.
➤ Convulsiones en sobredosis severas.
➤ Taquicardia o bradicardia según el tipo de fármaco y dosis.
➤ Dificultad respiratoria y cianosis en casos de metahemoglobinemia.

✅ Manejo y tratamiento

1. Prevención:
° Calcular la dosis máxima en mg/kg (ejemplo: lidocaína 4.4 mg/kg; mepivacaína 4.4 mg/kg; articaína 7 mg/kg).
° Evitar concentraciones altas en pacientes de bajo peso.
° Aspiración previa para prevenir inyección intravascular.

2. Tratamiento:
° Suspender inmediatamente la administración.
° Colocar al paciente en posición supina con vías aéreas permeables.
° Administrar oxígeno suplementario.
° Convulsiones: benzodiacepinas (midazolam o diazepam).
° Reacciones alérgicas graves: adrenalina intramuscular, corticoides y antihistamínicos.
° Metahemoglobinemia: azul de metileno al 1% IV.
° Monitoreo y traslado a centro hospitalario si es necesario.

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💬 Discusión
El uso de anestesia local en odontopediatría requiere un equilibrio entre eficacia analgésica y seguridad. Las soluciones al 2% suelen presentar menor riesgo de toxicidad que las de mayor concentración, lo que las hace preferibles en niños pequeños. Aunque complicaciones graves son poco frecuentes, su impacto puede ser significativo, por lo que la formación del odontólogo en farmacología, el cálculo preciso de dosis y la preparación para emergencias son pilares fundamentales de la práctica clínica.

✍️ Conclusión
La anestesia local es segura en odontopediatría cuando se aplican técnicas correctas y se respetan las dosis recomendadas. Sin embargo, la identificación temprana de signos y síntomas adversos, junto con el manejo adecuado, permite reducir complicaciones. Es esencial actualizar la formación en farmacología dental y disponer de protocolos de emergencia en el consultorio odontológico.

📚 Referencias

✔ Malamed, S. F. (2022). Handbook of Local Anesthesia (7th ed.). Elsevier.
✔ Haas, D. A. (2022). Adverse effects of local anesthetics in dentistry. Journal of the Canadian Dental Association, 88, m8.
✔ Pogrel, M. A. (2019). Permanent nerve damage from inferior alveolar nerve blocks—An update to include articaine. Journal of the California Dental Association, 47(3), 127–133.
✔ Becker, D. E., & Reed, K. L. (2012). Local anesthetics: Review of pharmacological considerations. Anesthesia Progress, 59(2), 90–102. https://doi.org/10.2344/0003-3006-59.2.90
✔ Meechan, J. G. (2018). Local anaesthesia for children. British Dental Journal, 225(4), 299–304. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.bdj.2018.633

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