Craniofacial syndromes and oral anomalies. Characteristics and clinical cases

Craniofacial malformations are congenital and come from poor development of the first and second brachial arches, sometimes they are associated with a syndrome. The causes are varied, they can be due to infection, radiation or chemicals.

Syndromes are a group of signs and symptoms that occur together and characterize a disease, may be of known or unknown etiology. There is a great variety of syndromes and craniofacial malformations, and each one of them has different characteristics that it is necessary to know.

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We share a complete review of different malformations and craniofacial syndromes taking into account their dento-oro-maxillofacial characteristics, and presenting cases of dental interest.

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Salerno, C.; D’Avola, V.; Oberti, L.; Almonte, E.; Bazzini, E.M.; Tartaglia, G.M.; Cagetti, M.G. Rare Genetic Syndromes and Oral Anomalies: A Review of the Literature and Case Series with a New Classification Proposal. Children 2022, 9, 12. https://doi.org/10.3390/children9010012

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Natal teeth and Riga Fede ulcer: Diagnosis and treatment

Riga Fede ulcer is usually located on the ventral side of the tongue, and is caused by the trauma caused by the presence of a natal or neonatal tooth. It is painful, so it limits the sucking action of breast milk, putting the baby's feeding at risk.

Natal and neonatal teeth are of unknown etiology, and are characterized by not presenting a single shape, they can be small or large and conical or normal in shape.

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We share the clinical implications and the approach to the treatment of natal and neonatal teeth, regarding the case of the presence of Riga Fede ulcer in a two-month-old baby.

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Danelon, M., Emerenciano, N. G., Garcia, L. G., Percinoto, C., & Cunha, R. F. (2017). Natal teeth associated with Riga-Fede ulcer: case report. ARCHIVES OF HEALTH INVESTIGATION, 6(4). https://doi.org/10.21270/archi.v6i4.2059

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Dentigerous cyst in mixed and primary dentition. Diagnosis and surgical treatment

Dentigerous cysts are cavities with liquid content, and develop from the remains of the enamel epithelium. They are the most common, benign cysts, and are usually located in the lower jaw. It is related to the crowns of unerupted teeth.

They manifest as radiographic findings or when the patient has acute inflammation. Enucleation of the cyst is performed using the surgical technique of marsupialization.

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We share several cases that report the diagnosis, management and surgical treatment (enucleation and marsupialization) of the dentigerous cyst in mixed and primary dentition.

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👉 ARTICLE 1: READ AND DOWNLOAD "Dentigerous Cysts in Primary Dentition: Report of 2 Cases" IN FULL IN PDF👈

Delbem AC, Cunha RF, Afonso RL, Bianco KG, Idem AP. Dentigerous cysts in primary dentition: report of 2 cases. Pediatr Dent. 2006 May-Jun;28(3):269-72. PMID: 16805361.

👉 ARTICLE 2: READ AND DOWNLOAD "Dentigerous cyst in a young child: a case report" IN FULL IN PDF👈

McKinney, S. L., & Lukes, S. M. (2021). Dentigerous cyst in a young child: a case report. Canadian journal of dental hygiene : CJDH = Journal canadien de l'hygiene dentaire : JCHD, 55(3), 177–181.

👉 ARTICLE 3: READ AND DOWNLOAD "Dentigerous Cyst in Children: A Case Report and Outline of Clinical Management for Pediatric and General Dentists" IN FULL IN PDF👈

Meer, Zakirulla & Yavagal, Chandrashekar & Jayashankar, DN & Meer, Allahbaksh. (2012). Dentigerous Cyst in Children: A Case Report and Outline of Clinical Management for Pediatric and General Dentists. Journal of Orofacial Research. 2. 238-242. 10.5005/jp-journals-10026-1051.

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Marsupialization of a large mandibular cyst in a pediatric patient - Clinical Case

Mandibular cysts are generally benign neoplasms, may be of odontogenic origin and vary in size and severity. Mandibular cysts can expand, injuring large extensions of bone tissue, involving the stability of the teeth.

Various techniques are used to surgically remove the mandibular cyst, enucleation when the cyst is small, or marsupialization when it is large.

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We share the case of surgical removal (marsupialization) of a large mandibular cyst in a pediatric patient, and the use of a multipurpose space maintainer.

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Salem Waly. Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt. 2090-097X, October 2019, Vol. 10, No. 4

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What are those bony bumps in my mouth? (Torus)

Torus are exostoses or benign bony protrusions that appear in the upper or lower jaw. It can be unilateral or bilateral, and its etiology is unknown, but it is related to genetic factors, trauma or environmental factors.

The torus should be removed if they are large and generate aesthetic, chewing, swallowing problems, or when they interfere with the making of dental prostheses.

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The bony bumps (torus) are slow growing and can appear in the upper or lower jaw, their removal is surgical. More information about its characteristics and manifestations in the article that we share.

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Soumya Chatterjee. Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine Jan 2016, 83 (1) 17-18; DOI: 10.3949/ccjm.83a.15033

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Oral manifestations of eating disorders in adolescent patients

Eating disorders are a set of psychopathological disorders that are related to eating behaviors, and affect physical and emotional health, these conditions usually manifest in young people and adolescents. The most common eating disorders are anorexia and bulimia.

Patients with eating disorders present alterations in the perioral tissues, oral mucosa and teeth. These alterations generate several problems in the different functions of the oral cavity.

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We share a study that describes the different oral manifestations of eating disorders (anorexia, bulimia) that we can find in an adolescent patient with the aim that the professional identifies these signs early.

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Monda M, Costacurta M, Maffei L, Docimo R. Oral manifestations of eating disorders in adolescent patients. A review. Eur J Paediatr Dent. 2021 Jun;22(2):155-158. doi: 10.23804/ejpd.2021.22.02.13

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Odontogenic infection in facial spaces - Pharmacological and surgical management in pediatric patients

Facial spaces are virtual spaces that are found between tissues, organs and faciae. These spaces become relevant in infectious processes, since they are occupied by purulent secretions that move through various regions of the head and neck.

Infections that affect the head and neck are generally of odontogenic origin, and have a rapid evolution that put the patient's life at risk. Treatment must be immediate and in many cases multidisciplinary.

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We share the case of an odontogenic infection that affected the facial spaces of a pediatric patient. We report the clinical and pharmacological management, and the surgical procedure (drainage).

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Khaja Khalid Nawaz M. Management of Facial Space Infection in a 9-Year-Old Child - A Case Report. International Journal of Clinical Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery. Vol. 2, No. 1, 2016, pp. 1-4.doi: 10.11648/j.ijcoms.20160201.11

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Guide for the surgical management and oral pathology of the pediatric patient

To perform a surgical procedure in pediatric patients, we must take into account a series of special considerations, such as knowledge of anatomy, dental development and eruption, behavior and behavior of the patient.

Some of the pathologies that we can frequently find in children that need surgical procedures are: supernumerary and impacted teeth, congenital cysts, mucoceles.

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We share a manual that offers us recommendations and criteria for surgical procedures in pediatric patients and the most common pathological cases (biopsies, cysts, tumors, natal and neonatal teeth, mucocele, granulomas)

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American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry. Management considerations for pediatric oral surgery and oral pathology. The Reference Manual of Pediatric Dentistry. Chicago, Ill.: American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry; 2021:450-60.

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Syndromes of the First and Second Branchial Arches - Clinical and radiographic characteristics

The formation of the branchial arches can be altered, generating abnormalities that are evident in fistulas or cysts. Alterations in the first and second branchial arches compromise the eyes, nose, mouth, skull, neck, cervical spine, and hands.

For correct treatment, a diagnosis must be made based on the clinical finding and the results of imaging studies (computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging).

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We share two articles that detail the clinical and radiographic characteristics of alterations of the first and second branchial arches.

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Johnson JM, Moonis G, Green GE, Carmody R, Burbank HN. Syndromes of the first and second branchial arches, part 1: embryology and characteristic defects. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2011 Jan;32(1):14-9. doi: 10.3174/ajnr.A2072.

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Mandibular tumors in pediatric patients. Report of 04 cases of aggressive tumors

There are several causes that give rise to a jaw tumor in a pediatric patient, so it is important for the professional to know the clinical characteristics of the lesion. Jaw tumors in children are not frequent, and cause a physical and psychological alteration of the patient.

In these cases, the use of images and a biopsy is necessary to determine the histopathology of the lesion and carry out an appropriate treatment plan.

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We share 04 cases of aggressive mandibular tumors in pediatric patients, of different histopathological origin. The treatment and evolution of the patient are documented.

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Odontogenic facial cellulitis in a pediatric patient - Diagnosis, treatment and multidisciplinary management

Facial cellulitis is an infectious process, usually odontogenic, that puts the life of the pediatric patient at serious risk if it does not have the appropriate treatment. The immune system of the child patient is not developed enough to deal with this type of infection.

Facial cellulite spreads to other anatomical regions, aponeurotic plane and tissue spaces. Clinically, facial cellulite is of a soft consistency and with inflammatory signs. Early diagnosis and treatment prevents serious consequences of cellulite.

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Giunta Crescente C, Soto de Facchin M, Acevedo Rodríguez AM. Medical-dental considerations in the care of children with facial cellulitis of odontogenic origin. A disease of interest for pediatricians and pediatric dentists. Arch Argent Pediatr 2018;116(4):e548-e553.

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Allergic manifestations to local anaesthetic in pediatric dentistry: Prevention and management

The use of local anesthetics in dentistry is of great importance because in this way we can reduce the stress, anxiety and fear of patients regarding dental procedures.

Allergic reactions to local anesthetics in pediatric patients are not frequent, but we must take the necessary preventive measures and know how to manage hypersensitivity to anesthetics.

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We share an article that teaches us how to prevent, recognize and manage allergic manifestations to local anesthetics in pediatric patients.

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PERONI D. ET AL. European Journal of Paediatric Dentistry vol. 20/1-2019

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Surgical excision of mucocele with local anesthesia in an 8-month-old baby

The mucocele is a common cyst of the minor salivary glands, and is produced by the accumulation or retention of mucosa as a consequence of an obstruction or trauma to the salivary duct.

The mucocele has a bluish or translucent color, and its size can be from millimeters to centimeters in diameter. It is rare to find a mucocele in a newborn baby.

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We share the case of the surgical removal of a mucocele in an 08-month-old baby under local anesthesia.

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Gurgel, C.V., Neto, N.L., Geller-Palti, D., Sakai, V.T., Oliveira, T.M., & Machado, M.A. (2012). Surgical excision of mucocele with local anesthesia in an 8-month-old baby.

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How to Treat Tonsil Stones

Tonsil stones are calcifications of various sizes that are deposited on the tonsils. They are yellowish-white, with a bad smell and are made up of food debris and dead cells.

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The presence of the tonsil stone causes bad breath, and when they are large it causes discomfort when swallowing food.

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We share an interesting video that explains what tonsil stones are and the best alternative to remove them from the tonsils.

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Riga Fede Disease Treatment: Case Report

Riga Fede disease is an ulcer that appears on the ventral aspect of the tongue of newborn babies or infants with natal or neonatal teeth. These ulcers are painful and are involved in feeding babies.

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The presence of natal or neonatal teeth are not common, and usually appear in the lower jaw at the level of the central incisors. The intervention of the pediatric dentist is necessary for the evaluation and adequate treatment.

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We share an article that presents the case of a 20-day-old baby whose feeding was affected by a 5 x 8 mm ulcer on the tongue.

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Alahmari, A. (2017). Management of Riga-Fede disease: A Case Report. Dentistry 3000, 7, 1-3.

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What are Oral Potentially Malignant Disorders?

Oral Potentially Malignant Disorders are known as lesions that appear in the oral cavity and present a danger of possible malignant neoplasms in the future. The incidence of this type of injury is increasing, and is related to external factors.

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Early detection is recommended in these cases, in this way we prevent neoplasms from developing and increase the possibility of successful treatment.

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We share an interesting video from the Hack Dentistry channel that explains in detail what potentially malignant oral disorders are and what type of injuries to take into account.

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Source: Youtube/ Youtube PIDC