A Review on Vital Pulp Therapy in Primary Teeth

Pulp therapy in pediatric dentistry is responsible for treating the neurovascular bundle of a tooth that has suffered some trauma or an infectious process. The objective of the treatment is to maintain the primary tooth until its natural exfoliation, avoiding problems of malocclusion and dental malposition.

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The success of the treatment is based on an early diagnosis and an efficient treatment. Currently we can find biocompatible materials that ensure good treatment.

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Within pulp therapy we can find treatments such as pulpectomy pulpotomy and pulp coverings. The choice of each of them depends on the clinical and radiographic evaluation of the dentist.

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We share a work that reviews and discusses the new concepts in the preservation of dental pulp, as well as the new biomaterials for these treatments that aim at the induction of dentin formation.

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Oral Characteristics of Newborns

The oral cavity of the newborn has characteristics of its own age and stage of development. These characteristics allow the baby to fulfill its physiological needs such as sucking.

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Knowing the characteristics of the baby's oral cavity is of importance for the general dentist, because more and more parents attend consultations to resolve doubts about the oral health of their children.

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We share a work that describes the oral characteristics of the newborn, whose objective is to inform oral health professionals about the common aspects that are observed in the newborn.

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° Silva, Cintia & Ramos, Marcelo & Carrara, Cleide & Dalben, Gisele. (2008). Oral characteristics of newborns. Journal of dentistry for children (Chicago, Ill.). 75. 4-6.

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A comprehensive guide to achieving the best results with 3M™ ESPE™ Prefabricated Crowns (Stainless Steel Crowns - Polycarbonate Crowns)

Crowns are used when the primary molar has been affected by extensive caries or a dental fracture. In both cases, the tooth structure is compromised and the crowns offer stability and durability of the tooth.

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One of the great benefits of 3M crowns is that they offer long-term coverage, ensuring durability.

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In pediatric dentistry, the main objective is to maintain the primary tooth, so as not to affect chewing or the eruption or location of the permanent tooth. We share a complete guide for the placement of the different 3M prefabricated crowns for the oral rehabilitation of pediatric patients

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Porcelain laminates: the Future of Esthetic Dentistry

Currently dentistry meets the aesthetic demands of people who want to improve their smile. Porcelain veneers meet all the necessary requirements for an aesthetic and durable material.

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Laminated porcelain veneers can change the shape, position, size and color of the teeth and all this process with techniques of minimal wear of the enamel (0.5 mm of wear)

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Porcelain veneers without dental wear is the reason for the study that we share with you today, in which it concludes that this aesthetic material is an excellent means to create a beautiful smile.

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° IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences (IOSR-JDMS) e-ISSN: 2279-0853, p-ISSN: 2279-0861.Volume 16, Issue 5 Ver. XI (May. 2017), PP 68-75 www.iosrjournals.org

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Hybrid nano-resin esthetic crowns in primary teeth. Case report

Currently the oral rehabilitation of children have more aesthetic alternatives, leaving behind the metal crowns that lack this benefit. The loss of one or more teeth in children is due to extensive caries processes, or due to an accident, putting the proper development of the occlusion at risk.

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Adhesion is the best ally of modern dentistry, as it ensures a lasting and aesthetic rehabilitation. Although the aprismatic layer and the thin thickness of the enamel of the primary teeth are one of the biggest obstacles, it is not an impediment to an optimal result.

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The objective of the work that we share today is to show a clinical case of oral rehabilitation with indirect composites. All the details of this interesting case below.

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° Rojas RA, Gasca AG. Hybrid nano-resin esthetic crowns in primary teeth. Case report. Rev Odont Mex. 2014;18(4):255-258.

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Crowns in Pediatric Dentistry: A Review

Maintenance of the primary dentition in a nonpathologicand healthy condition is importantfor the overall well being of the child. Treatment of the severely destructed teeth poses a challenge for the pediatric dentist as three important considerations have to be kept in mind, patient’s behavioral management, preservation of the tooth structure and parental satisfaction.

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The technological advances in dental materials for use on children that have occurred in the past few decades make constant re-evaluation of our treatment philosophies and techniques a necessitybecause what was an acceptable treatment approach in the past may not necessarily be the best treatment option for our young patients today.

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Effort has been made to bring together the various approaches for full coverage restorations in pediatric dental practice. Each technique and material carries its own advantages and disadvantages.

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Many options exist to repair carious teeth in pediatric patientsas is discussed, from stainless steel crowns to its various modifications to other esthetic crowns like strip crowns and zirconium crowns which are rising in their popularity.



° Garg V, Panda A, Shah J, Panchal P. Crowns in pediatric dentistry: A review. J Adv Med Dent Scie Res 2016;4(2):41-46.
Image: By Trikkelle - Own work, CC BY 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=48700155

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Antibiotic prescriptions in pediatric dentistry: A review

In medicine as well as in dentistry, antibiotics are used as part of infectious treatments, but it is also known that there is a tendency to overuse of this drug for conditions not indicated.

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The consequence of this indiscriminate use of antibiotics is the appearance of resistance in pediatric patients (the ability of bacteria to survive the presence of an antibiotic).

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If we add to this the mismanagement of doses in children, we are facing a serious problem, since we create more resistant bacteria, this currently forces us to adjust the doses of medications.

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The work we are sharing with you is a review that aims to highlight the clinical indications for prescribing antibiotics for orofacial infections in pediatric care.



° Goel, Dhirja & Goel, GauravKumar & Chaudhary, Seema & Jain, Deshraj. (2020). Antibiotic prescriptions in pediatric dentistry: A review. Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care. 9. 473. 10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_1097_19.

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Antibiotics and its use in pediatric dentistry: A review

Antibiotics are commonly used in dentistry for prophylactic as well as for therapeutic purposes. Very often antibiotics are used in unwarranted situations, which may give rise to resistant bacterial strains.

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Good knowledge about the indications of antibiotics is the need of the hour in prescribing antibiotics for dental conditions. The purpose of this review article is to provide information on proper use of antibiotics in pediatric dental practice for control of oral infection, and in the management of children with systemic conditions which may alter disease resistance and healing response.

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Introduction: Antibiotics are among the most frequently prescribed medication for the treatment as well as prevention of bacterial infection in modern medicine. Antibiotics cure disease by killing, injuring, or inhibiting the growth of bacteria at very low concentrations.

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The word antibiotic came from the word “antibiosis” a term coined in 1889 by Louis Pasteur which means a process by which life could be used to destroy life.The term antibiotic was first used in 1942 by Selman Waksman and his collaborators in journal articles to describe any substance produced by a microorganism that is antagonistic to the growth of other microorganisms in high dilution.



° Annamalai, S., & Baghkomeh, P.N. (2018). Antibiotics and its use in pediatric dentistry : A review.

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Diagnosis and management of oral lesions and conditions in the newborn

Infants frequently present with oral lesions and conditions that may lead to anxiety among parents. The most common lesions and conditions include natal and neonatal teeth, the different oral mucosal cysts of the newborn, ankyloglossia and congenital epulis of the gingiva.

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The diagnostic features and management principles of these lesions are discussed in order for healthcare workers to provide proper care and counselling to patients and parents.

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Introduction: Healthcare workers are faced with a variety of lesions affecting the oral cavities of infants. These may vary from physiological variations linked to development, to tumours. Knowledge of these is important for accurate diagnosis to allow proper counselling and advice on treatment planning. The aim of this paper is to inform healthcare workers about the diagnosis and management of common lesions and conditions affecting the oral cavities of newborns.

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Natal and neonatal teeth
The first deciduous tooth erupts after approximately six months. Natal teeth are teeth present at birth, while neonatal teeth erupt within the first month after birth. The majority of natal teeth form part of the primary dentition, while about 10% represent supernumerary teeth.



WFP Van Heerden & AW Van Zyl (2010) Diagnosis and management of oral lesions and conditions in the newborn, South African Family Practice, 52:6, 489-491, DOI:10.1080/20786204.2010.10874032

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Is there a relationship between headache and temporomandibular disorder?

Headache is one of the most common ills in society, and in some cases it is associated with temporomandibular dysfunction (TMD). The article that we share this time carries out a study of the relationship between headaches and TMD.

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Temporomandibular dysfunction is evidenced by sharp pain in the temporomandibular joint and the chewing muscles. These pains can increase over time if it is not treated in time.

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In conclusion, the findings from this review and the two reported cases suggest that TMD encompasses a collection of clinical entities that are often very painful and disabling, with a major contribution of headache to patient symptoms.

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However, they are self-limiting and generally respond to conservative therapy. Basic management strategies for pain control and restoration of the range of motion can decrease the level of disability and often contribute to relief from primary headaches.



° Abouelhuda, A. M., Kim, H. S., Kim, S. Y., & Kim, Y. K. (2017). Association between headache and temporomandibular disorder. Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons, 43(6), 363–367. https://doi.org/10.5125/jkaoms.2017.43.6.363

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Management of Angular Cheilitis in children

Angular Cheilitis occurs more in children and it is caused by children sensitivity against certain contact agents like toys, foods, sunlight, allergy against medicines, cosmetics, and long term antibiotic treatment.

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Disease attacking the corners of the mouth is often cause pain when patients experience dry mouth or xerostomia. This disease can also be caused by vitamin B complex deficiency, blood iron deficiency, denture sore mouth and other factors such as breathing through mouth, wetting lips with tongue, and licking the corner of the mouth with tongue.

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Angular cheilitis also called perleche or angular cheilitis is a lesion marked with fissures, cracks on corner of lip, reddish, ulceration accompanied by burning sensation, pain and dryness on the corner of the mouth. In severe cases, these cracks can bleed when opening the mouth and cause shallow ulcer or krusta.

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Angular cheilitis can be a serious problem if it is not handled properly. This disease progression is so fast. Therefor there should be no delay in treatment if symptoms of angular cheilitis occurred and very clear. Not limited to a certain age, regardless of their sex all can be affected by this disease. Frequently in child aged 4-6 years.



° Fajriani, Fajriani. (2017). Management of Angular Cheilitis in children. Journal of Dentomaxillofacial Science. 2. 1. 10.15562/jdmfs.v2i1.461.

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Riga-Fede Disease (Dentitia Praecox): Report of Two Cases with Literature Review

Riga-Fede disease is a term used to describe traumatic ulceration occurring on the ventral surface of the tongue in neonates and infants. This lesion was first described by Antonio Riga in 1881 and subsequent histological studies were performed by Francesco Fede in 1890, which led to the lesion being termed as Riga-Fede disease.

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It is commonly caused by mechanical trauma from natal, neo-natal or primary lower incisors and rarely may be the initial presentation of a neurological disorder.

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Various terms have been used to describe this lesion, like Riga’s disease, Riga-Fede’s disease, sublingual ulcer, sublingual granuloma, traumatic sublingual ulceration, eosinophilic granuloma, traumatic eosinophilic ulceration of the tongue and oral mucosa, sublingual fibrogranuloma, sublingual growth in infants and traumatic atrophic glossitis.

The lesion initially presents as an ulcerated area on the ventral surface of the tongue and with repeated trauma, it may progress to an enlarged, fibrous mass giving the appearance of an ulcerative granuloma. The pain associated with this oral lesion leads to dehydration and feeding difficulties, which in turn may pose potential risks to infants due to nutritional deficiencies.

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If the child is immunocompromised, then the potential for infection can add to the complications of the disease. In order to be termed as Riga-Fede disease, this lesion should be present in a child less than two years of age. Over the age of two years, the term oral traumatic granuloma is used.



° Mehta A, Chaudhary S, Chaitra TR and Sinha A. Riga-Fede Disease (Dentitia Praecox): Report of Two Cases with Literature Review. Austin J Dent. 2017; 4(3): 1073.

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Pulpotomy Medicaments used in Deciduous Dentition: An Update

The aim of this paper was to review the history and the scientific literature published on pulpotomy medicaments and to present the findings of these studies.

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The review showed that pulpotomy of primary teeth has been treated with many different techniques and medicaments, that some of these approaches are controversial and that their results have presented variables of success rates in term of clinical, radiographic and histologic observation.

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It is important that all clinicians, particularly for pediatric dentists, be up to date with the recent trends in this area of dental treatment for children. Vital pulpotomy is the clinical treatment of choice for primary teeth with exposed pulp. Pulpotomy can be defined as the surgical removal or amputation of the coronal pulp of the vital tooth.

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This step is generally followed by the placement of a particular medicament over the intact stump to fix, mummify or stimulate repair of the remaining radicular pulp.



Souce / Author: Al-Dlaigan YH. Pulpotomy Medicaments used in Deciduous Dentition: An Update. J Contemp Dent Pract 2015;16(6):486-503.

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Guideline on use of antibiotic therapy for pediatric dental patients

The American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry (AAPD) recognizes the increasing prevalence of antibiotic-resistant microorganisms and potential for adverse drug reactions and interactions.

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These recommendations are intended to provide guidance in the proper and judicious use of antibiotic therapy in the treatment of oral conditions. The use of antibiotic prophylaxis for dental patients at risk for infection is addressed in a separate best practices document. Information regarding commonly prescribed antibiotics can be found in Useful Medications for Oral Conditions.

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Antibiotics are beneficial to patient care when prescribed and administered correctly for bacterial infections. However, the widespread use of antibiotics has permitted common bacteria to develop resistance to drugs that once controlled them. Drug resistance is prevalent throughout the world.

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In the United States, at least two million people are infected by antibiotic-resistant bacteria per year. Some microorganisms may develop resistance to a single anti-microbial agent, while others develop multidrug-resistant strains. To diminish the rate at which resistance is increasing, health care providers must be prudent in the use of antibiotics.



Souce: https://www.aapd.org/

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Pediatric oral RANULA: Clinical cases and follow-up

Oral ranulas are cystic lesions located on the floor of the mouth that arise from obstruction of the excretory duct of the sublingual gland. This causes an accumulation of mucoid material, leading to a well-circumscribed swelling in the oral mucosa of the floor of the mouth.

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Oral ranula is an infrequent pathology, appearing more frequently in children. A review of articles published on oral ranula between 2000 and 2009, found only 12 series, of which eight were specific to the pediatric population.

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The largest series corresponded to Chidzonga et al who analyzed 61 oral ranulas in children younger than 10 years. Some authors discuss ranulas in the general population and other authors have published isolated clinical cases.

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It was therefore interesting to analyze oral ranulas in a large sample of pediatric patients of the Oral and Maxi-llofacial Surgery Department of the La Fe University Children’s Hospital, Valencia. The aim is to analyze the clinical characteristics, treatment and outcome of oral ranulas in pediatric patients.



° Bonet-Coloma C, Minguez-Martinez I, Aloy-Prósper A, Galán-Gil S, Peñarrocha-Diago M, Mínguez-Sanz JM. Pediatric oral ranula: Clinical follow-up study of 57 cases. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal. 2011 Mar 1;16 (2):e158-62. http://www.medicinaoral.com/medoralfree01/v16i2/medoralv16i2p158.pdf

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Diagnosis of temporomandibular joint (TMJ) ankylosis in children

Temporomandibular joint (TMJ) ankylosis is a disabling condition of mastication in which the condylar movement is limited by a mechanical problem in the joint (true ankylosis) or a mechanical cause not related to the joint components (false ankylosis).

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In children, trauma is identifi ed as the main cause of TMJ ankylosis (57-63%). The other etiological factors are infections, rheumatoid arthritis, hypoparathyroidism, psoriasis, and burns.

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Ankylosis in children can have a tremendous effect on physical and psychological well-being due to restricted mouth opening, inability to chew food, and poor oral hygiene. Due to growth deformity, the child may become shy and reclusive and have a low self-esteem. Trauma to TMJ in early childhood can affect the growth potential of the mandible.

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Any traumatic injury to the joint, if left unnoticed and untreated immediately can cause loss of growth and function resulting in muscle and bone atrophy and subsequently micrognathia, microgenia, and retrognathia.



Shetty, Priya & Thomas, Ann & Sowmya, Bhykani. (2014). Diagnosis of temporomandibular joint (TMJ) ankylosis in children. Journal of the Indian Society of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry. 32. 266-70. 10.4103/0970-4388.135848.

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